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                  <text>مجلة الباحث للدراسات الأكاديمية</text>
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                <text>كلو , هشام</text>
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                <text>يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة التوقيع الإلكتروني ومدى فعاليته لتحقيق الثقة والإئتمان بين المتعاملين به. والمشرع الجزائري وضع ضوابط أشد صرامة من التوقيع التقليدي، حيث يتم إنشاؤه وفق آلية مؤمنة تعتمد على وسائل تقنية تؤمن وتضمن سرية البيانات المستخدمة لإنشائه. كما نصب سلطات لكل منها إختصاصها في تأمين التوقيع الإلكتروني.و الغاية أوالمشكلة من هذا البحث هي مدى كفاية النصوص القانونيةالحالية لتنظيم أحكام التوقيع الإلكتروني.والمنهج المعتمد هو المنهج التحليلي لهذه النصوص.ومن أهم النتائج أنه يحقق وظيفتين أساسيتين الأولى تتمثل في الكشف عن هوية صاحبه والثانية فهي نسبة التوقيع له.</text>
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                <text>This research aims to study the electronic signature and its effectiveness to achieve trust and credit among its dealers. The Algerian legislator has set stricter controls than the traditional signature, as it is created according to a secure mechanism that relies on technical means that secure and guarantee the confidentiality of the data used to create it. He also set up authorities, each of which has its competence to secure the electronic signature. The purpose or problem of this research is the adequacy of the current legal texts to regulate the provisions of electronic signature. And the adopted approach is the analytical approach to these texts. The second is the percentage of his signature.</text>
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                <text>https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/elbahith/article/view/1917</text>
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                <text>University of Batna 1</text>
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                <text>مجلة الباحث للدراسات الأكاديمية; مجلد 10 عدد 1 (2023); 487-504</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207465">
                <text>ELBAHITH For Academic Studies; Vol. 10 No. 1 (2023); 487-504</text>
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                <text>ELBAHITH For Academic Studies; Vol. 10 No 1 (2023); 487-504</text>
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                <text>2588-2368</text>
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                <text>2352-975X</text>
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                <text>10.59791/efas.v10i1</text>
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                <text>التوقيع الإلكتروني</text>
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                <text>جهات التصديق الإلكتروني</text>
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                <text>التشفير</text>
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                <text>الكتابة اللإكترونية</text>
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                <text>الإثبات</text>
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                <text>Electronic signature</text>
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                <text>electronic certification bodies</text>
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                <text>encryption</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207478">
                <text>electronic writing</text>
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                <text>proof</text>
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                <text>التنظيم القانوني للتوقيع الإلكتروني في القانون الجزائري</text>
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                <text>Legal regulation of electronic signature in algerian law</text>
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                <text>مؤلَّف محكَّم</text>
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                  <text>مجلة الباحث للدراسات الأكاديمية</text>
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                <text>بوصيدة , فيصل</text>
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                <text>تتجلى أهمية الدستورالية في أنها استأثرت باهتمام الباحثين في القانون الدستوري في القارات الخمس، ذلك أنها تعبير عن حركة فقهية رافقت ظهور وانتشار الدساتير، حيث كانت في كل مرة تمد هذه الدساتير بالنقد اللازم، وبالأفكار التي تمكن الدول من احترام دساتيرها فعلا، بل إن الدستورالية صارت اليوم تطمح أن يصبح القاضي الدستوري أقوى من السلطة التنفيذية، وهذا تفاديا لكل ما يمكن أن يحدث إذا استأثرت السلطة التنفيذية وحدها على كل السلطات.</text>
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                <text>rtant theory wich has captured the attention of researchers in constitutional law on all continent.
it is a doctrinal movement that accompanied constitutions since her emergence and in their spread.
it provided all times constitutions with critics and ideas to be respected by states.
Today, constitutionalism aspires that the constitutional judge will be stronger than the executive authority, in order to avoid an all that can happen if the executive authority alone takes over all tasks and powers.</text>
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                <text>https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/elbahith/article/view/1914</text>
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                <text>ara</text>
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                <text>University of Batna 1</text>
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                <text>https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/elbahith/article/view/1914/1603</text>
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                <text>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</text>
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                <text>مجلة الباحث للدراسات الأكاديمية; مجلد 10 عدد 1 (2023); 471-486</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207435">
                <text>ELBAHITH For Academic Studies; Vol. 10 No. 1 (2023); 471-486</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207436">
                <text>ELBAHITH For Academic Studies; Vol. 10 No 1 (2023); 471-486</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207437">
                <text>2588-2368</text>
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                <text>2352-975X</text>
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                <text>10.59791/efas.v10i1</text>
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                <text>الدساتير</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207441">
                <text>الدستورالية</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207442">
                <text>الفصل بين السلطات</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207443">
                <text>القاضي الدستوري</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207444">
                <text>النيودستورالية</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207445">
                <text>separated by semi-constitutions</text>
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                <text>constitionalis</text>
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                <text>separation of powers</text>
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                <text>the constiutional judge</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207449">
                <text>new-constitutionalism</text>
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                <text>الدستـوراليــة كخيـار</text>
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                <text>Constitutionaalism as a choice</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>مؤلَّف محكَّم</text>
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                  <text>مجلة الباحث للدراسات الأكاديمية</text>
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                <text>عراب ثاني 	, نجية</text>
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                <text>قد يفضي إبرام المرأة لعقد العمل إلى إمكانية تعرضها إلى أشكال مختلفة من الاعتداءات والعنف، كالعنف الجسدي أو الجنسي، وسواء أكان ذلك أثناء عملها أو بمناسبة القيام به، الأمر الذي يتطلب من المشرع توفير الحماية اللازمة لها للحيلولة دون وقوع العنف أو أي اعتداء في مواجهتها وتمكينها من درئه إن هو وقع.
وقد حاولت هذه الدراسة البحث في الأحكام الخاصة بمواجهة الاعتداء أو العنف الذي قد يقع ضد المرأة العاملة، ولاسيما من ناحية مدى حاجتها إلى أحكام خاصة بحمايتها في هذا المجال.</text>
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                <text>Making alabor contract for women may cause different aspects of violence againts them such as body or sexual violence inside organization or outside for that reasons legislative should protect women and be cautious that these things will not happen.
In this study the author try to search in how to find especial legislations for taking care of women in labor.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207401">
                <text>https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/elbahith/article/view/1912</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>ara</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207403">
                <text>University of Batna 1</text>
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            <description>A related resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207404">
                <text>https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/elbahith/article/view/1912/1599</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207406">
                <text>مجلة الباحث للدراسات الأكاديمية; مجلد 10 عدد 1 (2023); 457-470</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207407">
                <text>ELBAHITH For Academic Studies; Vol. 10 No. 1 (2023); 457-470</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207408">
                <text>ELBAHITH For Academic Studies; Vol. 10 No 1 (2023); 457-470</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207409">
                <text>2588-2368</text>
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                <text>الحماية</text>
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                <text>violence</text>
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                <text>women</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>الحماية القانونية للمرأة العاملة من العنف والاعتداء في التشريع الجزائري</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207421">
                <text>Legal protection of working women against violence and abuse in Algerian legislation</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>مؤلَّف محكَّم</text>
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                  <text>مجلة الباحث للدراسات الأكاديمية</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207368">
                <text>بكاي, طالب</text>
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                <text>رزيق, أميرة</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2023-01-29</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>تشكل المدارس الابتدائية وحدات أساسية للتعليم الإلزامي، تعمل على إعداد الأجيال المستقبلية وتزويدهم بالتلقين الفكري واكتساب المعارف وغرس الأخلاق الحميدة والعادات القيمة فيهم، حيث أخضعها المشرع لوصاية مشتركة بين وزارتي التربية الوطنية والداخلية والجماعات المحلية والتهيئة العمرانية كل في مجال اختصاصه وعليه حددت النصوص الناظمة للمدارس الابتدائية الهياكل البيداغوجية والإدارية الإلزامية لتسيير المدارس إلي جانب الهياكل المرافقة للمدرسة الابتدائية، والتي من بينها المطاعم المدرسية، وهي مرافق مهمتها الأساسية ضمان تغذية مدرسية سليمة، بعث رسالة اجتماعية مكملة للعمل التربوي والبيداغوجي بحكم ما تقدمه من نشاط يرمي أساسا إلى تنمية القدرات الفكرية للتلاميذ، وتحقيق مبدأ الإنصاف وتكافئ الفرص بينهم، وفي هذا الإطار صدر المرسوم التنفيذي رقم 18-03 الذي يحدد الأحكام المطبقة على المطاعم المدرسية باعتبارها هياكل مرافقة للمدرسة، وعدد أنماط تسييرها لاسيما اعتماد تقنية التفويض من أجل رفع كفاءة تشغيلها وصيانة منشأتها وتجهيزاتها وتحقيق جودة خدماتها.ومن ثم تأتي هذه المقالة لدراسة المطاعم المدرسية في ظل التحولات الجديدة لتفويض المرافق العامة في الجزائر بين الواقع والآفاق.</text>
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                <text>Primary schools constitute basic units of compulsory education, working to prepare future generations, provide them with intellectual indoctrination, acquire knowledge, and inculcate good morals and valuable habits in them. Where the legislator subjected it to the joint authority of both Ministries of National Education and the Interior and the local communities and urban development, each in its field of competence, and accordingly the texts regulating primary schools defined the mandatory pedagogical and administrative structures for running schools as well as the structures accompanying the primary school, among which are school canteens, which ensuring proper school nutrition, and sending a social message that complements the educational and pedagogical work by virtue of the activity it offers mainly aimed at developing the intellectual capabilities of the students, In this context, Executive Decree No. 18-03 was issued specifying the provisions applicable to school canteens, and especially the adoption of delegation technology in order to raise the efficiency of their operation and maintenance of their facilities and equipment and to achieve the quality of their services. Hence, this article comes to study school canteens. In light of the new transformations of delegating public utilities in Algeria, between reality and prospects.</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207373">
                <text>https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/elbahith/article/view/1908</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207374">
                <text>ara</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207375">
                <text>University of Batna 1</text>
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            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207376">
                <text>https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/elbahith/article/view/1908/1596</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207377">
                <text>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207378">
                <text>مجلة الباحث للدراسات الأكاديمية; مجلد 10 عدد 1 (2023); 437-456</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207379">
                <text>ELBAHITH For Academic Studies; Vol. 10 No. 1 (2023); 437-456</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207380">
                <text>ELBAHITH For Academic Studies; Vol. 10 No 1 (2023); 437-456</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207381">
                <text>2588-2368</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207382">
                <text>2352-975X</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207383">
                <text>10.59791/efas.v10i1</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207384">
                <text>إشراف</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207385">
                <text>تفويض تسيير</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207386">
                <text>مدرسي</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207387">
                <text>مطعم</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207388">
                <text>supervision</text>
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                <text>delegation management</text>
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                <text>school</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207391">
                <text>canteen</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207392">
                <text>المطاعم المدرسية في ظل التحولات الجديدة لتفويض المرافق العامة في الجزائر - الواقع والمأمول -</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207393">
                <text>School canteens in light of the new transformations of delegating public utilities in Algeria-Reality and Hope-</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
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                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207395">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207396">
                <text>مؤلَّف محكَّم</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>##section.default.title##</text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="198513">
                  <text>مجلة الباحث للدراسات الأكاديمية</text>
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      <description>Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing.</description>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207345">
                <text>Benlala, Mejd Aures</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207346">
                <text>2023-01-29</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207347">
                <text>Islamic economics principles state that Islamic banks are economic institutions that must comply with the rules of Islamic economic legislation, whether in terms of financing, or in terms of monetary policy. The Sharia stipulates that money does not generate money, and that profit and money increase are linked to production, or trade through Murabaha, or Mudharaba and Musharakah, and the like. Given that the Islamic economy depends on what may be called the real economy that is based on production, these principles do not agree with the policy of central banks and their financial/monetary policy, whether in terms of the policy of the cash reserve ratio (CRR), which must be available (deposited) in the central bank, or in terms of the bank’s creation of money without a reciprocal or productive process. This paper aims to identify and address these issues according to an economic, legal and Islamic analysis</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/elbahith/article/view/1904</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207349">
                <text>ara</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207350">
                <text>University of Batna 1</text>
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            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207351">
                <text>https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/elbahith/article/view/1904/1595</text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207352">
                <text>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207353">
                <text>مجلة الباحث للدراسات الأكاديمية; مجلد 10 عدد 1 (2023); 565-576</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207354">
                <text>ELBAHITH For Academic Studies; Vol. 10 No. 1 (2023); 565-576</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207355">
                <text>ELBAHITH For Academic Studies; Vol. 10 No 1 (2023); 565-576</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207356">
                <text>2588-2368</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207357">
                <text>2352-975X</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207358">
                <text>10.59791/efas.v10i1</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207359">
                <text>Cash reserve Ratio</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207360">
                <text>Islamic economics</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207361">
                <text>Islamic banks</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207362">
                <text>Money creation</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207363">
                <text>Regulations and Sharia rules</text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207364">
                <text>Perspectives on Islamic Banks Activity in light of Money Creation and Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207365">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207366">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207367">
                <text>مؤلَّف محكَّم</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="67082">
                  <text>##section.default.title##</text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="198513">
                  <text>مجلة الباحث للدراسات الأكاديمية</text>
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      <name>Dataset</name>
      <description>Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing.</description>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207314">
                <text>تيقرين , زهيرة</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207315">
                <text>سيد الليثي, فاتن صبري</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2023-01-29</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207317">
                <text>يمثل تغير المناخ أكبر تحدي للبشرية خلال القرن العشرين، لما له من آثار خطيرة على البيئة والإنسان، والذي يمتد مستقبلا ليشمل كل مناحي الحياة على وجه الأرض.
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى معرفة كيف يؤدي تلوث الهواء عن طريق الغازات الدفيئة الناتجة عن الآنشطة البشرية المتزايدة إلى حدوث ظاهرة تغير المناخ، من خلال إستعراض أهم ملوثات الجو التي لها دور في ذلك والمخاطر المترتبة عنها، ثم بيان التدابير التي تم وضعها لمواجهتها.
وقد توصلنا في نهاية الدراسة إلى أن تلوث الهواء هو السبب المباشر لتغير المناخ ومنه فحماية الهواء تشكل في الوقت نفسه حماية للمناخ، إذ تقتضي جملة من التدابير تأتي على رأسها قائمة التدابير الوقائية إلى جانب تدابير أخرى، غير أن تفعيلها من قبل الدول خاصة النامية منها تواجهها العديد من المعيقات، منها ما يتعلق بمحدودية قدراتها، ومنها ما يتعلق بظاهرة في حد ذاتها، والتي تتطلب جهود دولية ووطنية من أجل الحفاظ على هذا الكوكب الذي تشترك فيه البشرية جمعاء</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207318">
                <text>Climate change is considered as a big challenge to humanity in the twenty-first century due to its serious effects on the environment and humans, which extends to all aspects of life on earth in the future.
This study aims to show how air pollution through greenhouse gases resulting from increasing human activities leads to the occurrence of climate change, by reviewing the most important air pollutants that have a role in this, and indicating the risks arising from them, and then indicating the measures that have been developed to confront them.
At the end of the study, we concluded that air pollution is the direct cause of climate change, and for that, air protection constitutes at the same time climate protection, as it requires a number of measures, on top of them is the preventive measures, but their application by countries, especially developing ones faces many obstacles, some of which are related to the limitations of its capabilities, and others are related to a phenomenon in itself that requires international and national efforts, in order to preserve this planet that all humanity shares.</text>
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          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207319">
                <text>https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/elbahith/article/view/1902</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207320">
                <text>ara</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207321">
                <text>University of Batna 1</text>
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            <description>A related resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207322">
                <text>https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/elbahith/article/view/1902/1589</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207323">
                <text>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207324">
                <text>مجلة الباحث للدراسات الأكاديمية; مجلد 10 عدد 1 (2023); 543-564</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207325">
                <text>ELBAHITH For Academic Studies; Vol. 10 No. 1 (2023); 543-564</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207326">
                <text>ELBAHITH For Academic Studies; Vol. 10 No 1 (2023); 543-564</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207327">
                <text>2588-2368</text>
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                <text>2352-975X</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207329">
                <text>10.59791/efas.v10i1</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207330">
                <text>تلوث الهواء</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207331">
                <text>الإنبعاثات الغازية</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207332">
                <text>الغازات الدفيئة</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207333">
                <text>الغلاف الجوي</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207334">
                <text>التغير المناخي</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207335">
                <text>air pollution</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207336">
                <text>gaseous emissions</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207337">
                <text>greenhouse gases</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207338">
                <text>atmosphere</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207339">
                <text>climate change</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207340">
                <text>أثر تلوث الهواء على تغير المناخ وكيفية مواجهته</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207341">
                <text>The impact of air pollution on climate change and how to face it</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207342">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207343">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207344">
                <text>مؤلَّف محكَّم</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="67082">
                  <text>##section.default.title##</text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="198513">
                  <text>مجلة الباحث للدراسات الأكاديمية</text>
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            </element>
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    <itemType itemTypeId="14">
      <name>Dataset</name>
      <description>Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207284">
                <text>رحايبي , حبيبة</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207285">
                <text>2023-01-29</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207286">
                <text>تعتبر الخدمة في المنازل أو العمل المنزلي إحدى أقدم المهن، وأكثرها انتشارا منذ القديم، ارتبط ظهورها كثيرا بتاريخ الرق والاستعمار، وغير ذلك من أشكال الاستعباد، كما تعتبر الخدمة في المنازل من الأمور التي عرفها المجتمع الإسلامي الأول ـ في عهده - صلى الله عليه وسلم، وعهد الخلفاء الراشدين، وعصور بني أمية ومن أتى بعدهم، لكن الجديد المستجد هو "الهجرة إلى بلاد مجـــــــاورة أو حتى بلاد بعيدة جدا لمزاولة هذه المهنة، نتيجة للتطورات والتغيرات التي لحقت بمختلف المجتمعات الإنسانية، وهو ما يمكن اعتباره من النوازل والمستجدات التي يتعين بيان حكمها الفقهي الشرعي
تحاول هذه الورقة البحثية تناول الخدمة المنزلية (أو ما يعرف في النظام القانوني المعاصر بالعمل المنزلي) في سياق مفهوم النوازل الفقهية، مبينة وجه اعتبار الهجرة للخدمة المنزلية من النوازل الفقهية في عصرنا هذا.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207287">
                <text>Domestic Service or Domestic Work is one of the oldest Professions, and the most prevalent since ancient times. Its emergence is closely linked to the history of slavery, colonialism, and other forms of servitude. Domestic service is one of the things that the first Islamic community knew- in his era- peace be upon him, The era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, the Umayyad eras and those who came after them, but the new emerging is “migration to a neighboring country or even a very distant country to practice this profession, as a result of the developments and changes that occurred in various human societies, which can be considered as calamities and developments whose jurisprudence must be explained legal.
This research paper, attempts to address domestic service (or what is known in the contemporary legal system as domestic work) in the context of the concept of jurisprudential Fiqh El Nawazil, showing the aspect of considering immigration for domestic service from jurisprudential (El Nawazil El fiqhia (in our time.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207288">
                <text>https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/elbahith/article/view/1901</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207289">
                <text>ara</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207290">
                <text>University of Batna 1</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207291">
                <text>https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/elbahith/article/view/1901/1594</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207292">
                <text>الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2023 مجلة الباحث للدراسات الأكاديمية</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207293">
                <text>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207294">
                <text>مجلة الباحث للدراسات الأكاديمية; مجلد 10 عدد 1 (2023); 416-436</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207295">
                <text>ELBAHITH For Academic Studies; Vol. 10 No. 1 (2023); 416-436</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207296">
                <text>ELBAHITH For Academic Studies; Vol. 10 No 1 (2023); 416-436</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207297">
                <text>2588-2368</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207298">
                <text>2352-975X</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207299">
                <text>10.59791/efas.v10i1</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207300">
                <text>الخدمة المنزلية</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207301">
                <text>الهجرة</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207302">
                <text>العمال المنزليون</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207303">
                <text>النوازل</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207304">
                <text>الفقه</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207305">
                <text>home Service</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207306">
                <text>Migration</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207307">
                <text>Domestic Workers</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207308">
                <text>El Nawazil</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="207309">
                <text>الهجرة للخدمة المنزلية في ضوء فقه النوازل وتطور الوضع القانوني  للعمال المنزليين</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207310">
                <text>Immigration For Domestic Service In The Light  Of The Fiqh– el Nawazil, And The Development Of The Legal Status Of Domestic Workers</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207311">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207312">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207313">
                <text>مؤلَّف محكَّم</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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  <item itemId="3197" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="34">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="67082">
                  <text>##section.default.title##</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="198513">
                  <text>مجلة الباحث للدراسات الأكاديمية</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="14">
      <name>Dataset</name>
      <description>Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207257">
                <text>عيسى مبرك , مسعود</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207258">
                <text>سمصار, محمد</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207259">
                <text>2023-01-29</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207260">
                <text>دخل نظام روما الأساسي للمحكمة الجنائية الدولية حيز النفاذ في 01 جويلية 2002، ومعه دخلت العدالة الجنائية عهدا جديدا قوامه تكريس مبدأ المسؤولية الجنائية الدولية للفرد، من خلال الحد من سياسة الإفلات من العقاب للأفراد، بصورة عامة وللقادة والرؤساء المتورطين في ارتكاب جرائم دولية في المقام الأول.
غير أن العدالة الجنائية طريق ذو اتجاهين كما يقال، فبقدر حرصها على إنزال العقاب بالمجرمين جزاءً لهم لما ارتكبوا من جرائم، فهي تسعى في نفس الوقت إلى تمتيع المتهم بمحاكمة عادلة، تتوفر على الحد الأدنى من الضمانات الموضوعية والإجرائية الكفيلة بحماية حقوقه وحرياته الأساسية كإنسان.
إن الهدف الذي تسعى إلى الوصول إليه المحكمة الجنائية الدولية هو ألا يفلت أحد من العقاب، من القادة والرؤساء الذين يثبت تورطهم في ارتكاب جرائم دولية لاسيما تلك المنصوص عليها في المادة 05 من نظام المحكمة الجنائية الدولية.
تبحث هذه الورقة الضمانات الأساسية التي يقرها النظام الأساسي للمحكمة الجنائية الدولية، والتي يجب أن يتمتع بها المتهم الماثل أمام المحكمة مهما تكن طبيعة الأفعال الإجرامية المتابع بها</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207261">
                <text>The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court entered into force on July 1, 2002, and with it criminal justice entered a new era based on the consecration of the principle of international criminal responsibility of the individual, by limiting the policy of impunity for individuals, in general and for leaders and chiefs involved in the commission of international crimes in the first place.
However, criminal justice is a two-way street, as it is said. As much as it is keen to punish criminals for the crimes they have committed, it seeks at the same time to provide the accused with a fair trial, which has the minimum objective and procedural guarantees to protect his basic rights and freedoms as a human being.
The goal that the International Criminal Court seeks to reach is that none of the leaders and presidents who are proven to be involved in the commission of international crimes, especially those stipulated in Article 05 of the International Criminal Court system, should escape punishment.
This paper examines the basic guarantees recognized by the Statute of the International Criminal Court, which must be enjoyed by the accused before the Court, regardless of the nature of the criminal acts pursued.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207262">
                <text>https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/elbahith/article/view/1897</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207263">
                <text>ara</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207264">
                <text>University of Batna 1</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207265">
                <text>https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/elbahith/article/view/1897/1588</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207266">
                <text>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207267">
                <text>مجلة الباحث للدراسات الأكاديمية; مجلد 10 عدد 1 (2023); 523-542</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207268">
                <text>ELBAHITH For Academic Studies; Vol. 10 No. 1 (2023); 523-542</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207269">
                <text>ELBAHITH For Academic Studies; Vol. 10 No 1 (2023); 523-542</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207270">
                <text>2588-2368</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207271">
                <text>2352-975X</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207272">
                <text>10.59791/efas.v10i1</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207273">
                <text>الضمانات الأساسية</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207274">
                <text>متابعة القادة والرؤساء</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207275">
                <text>المحكمة الجنائية الدولية</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207276">
                <text>Fundamental guarantees</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207277">
                <text>follow-up to leaders and presidents</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207278">
                <text>the International Criminal Court</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207279">
                <text>الضمانات الأساسية لمتابعة القادة والرؤساء أمام المحكمة الجنائية الدولية</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207280">
                <text>Basic guarantees for the follow-up of chiefsbefore the International Criminal Court</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207281">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207282">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207283">
                <text>مؤلَّف محكَّم</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="67082">
                  <text>##section.default.title##</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="198513">
                  <text>مجلة الباحث للدراسات الأكاديمية</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
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    <itemType itemTypeId="14">
      <name>Dataset</name>
      <description>Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing.</description>
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    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207228">
                <text>لوصيف, عبد الوهّاب</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207229">
                <text>2023-01-29</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>تحاول هذه الدراسة تسليط الضوء على العودة الروسية إلى المسرح الدولي، من جانبها الايديولوجي والجيوبوليتيكي، وذلك بالتطرق إلى مفهوم الاوراسية الذي تبنته النخبة الحاكمة في روسيا وذلك بتقديم هذا المفهوم من خلال دلالاته الايديولوجية والفلسفية والحضارية اضافة إلى رؤيته للعلاقة مع مختلف المفاهيم والاطروحات الغربية ذات الصلة، وكيفية التعامل مع هذه المفاهيم في ظل الصراع التاريخي والكلاسيكي بين المنظومة الشرقية والغربية ومحاولة كل منظومة الظفر بالسيطرة والقيادة على المسرح العالمي.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207231">
                <text>This study focuses on the Russian return to the international relations Interactions,f rom an ideological and geopolitical side, by addressing the concept of Eurasianism adopted by the ruling elite in Russia, and presenting this concept through its ideological, philosophical and civilizational connotations, in addition to his vision of the relationship with various related Western concepts and theses, and how to deal with these concepts in light of the historical and classic conflict between The eastern and western system and the attempt of each system to gain control and leadership on the global scene.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207232">
                <text>https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/elbahith/article/view/1896</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207233">
                <text>ara</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207234">
                <text>University of Batna 1</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207235">
                <text>https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/elbahith/article/view/1896/1585</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207236">
                <text>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207237">
                <text>مجلة الباحث للدراسات الأكاديمية; مجلد 10 عدد 1 (2023); 400-415</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207238">
                <text>ELBAHITH For Academic Studies; Vol. 10 No. 1 (2023); 400-415</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207239">
                <text>ELBAHITH For Academic Studies; Vol. 10 No 1 (2023); 400-415</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207240">
                <text>2588-2368</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207241">
                <text>2352-975X</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207242">
                <text>10.59791/efas.v10i1</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207243">
                <text>الجيوسياسية</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207244">
                <text>الأوراسية الكلاسيكية</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207245">
                <text>الأوراسية الجديدة</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207246">
                <text>الإيديولوجيا</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207247">
                <text>Geopolitics</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207248">
                <text>classical-Eurasian</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207249">
                <text>Neo-Eurasian</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207250">
                <text>Russian</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207251">
                <text>Ideology</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207252">
                <text>العودة الروسية إلى المسرح الدولي من منظور جيوبوليتيكي إيديولوجي</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207253">
                <text>Russia's return to the global landscape, an ideological- geopolitical perspective</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207254">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207255">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207256">
                <text>مؤلَّف محكَّم</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="3195" public="1" featured="0">
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      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="67082">
                  <text>##section.default.title##</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="198513">
                  <text>مجلة الباحث للدراسات الأكاديمية</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="14">
      <name>Dataset</name>
      <description>Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207200">
                <text>حساني, لامية</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207201">
                <text>زكري, إيمان</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207202">
                <text>2023-01-29</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207203">
                <text>تعتبر مرحلة المفاوضات من أهم المراحل التي يمر بها العقد وأشدها خطورة خاصة أنها تتضمن مجموعة من الالتزامات التي على المتفاوضين التقيد بها خلال هذه المرحلة واحترامها، بهدف التوصل إلى اتفاق عقد نهائي ولتحقيق أقصى مصلحة لأطرافها وضمان حماية حقوقهم، نذكر منها الالتزام بالسرية، الذي أولت له معظم التشريعات الحديثة أهمية بالغة، تطرقنا في مقالنا هذا إلى دراسة هذا المبدأ الذي يسعى إليه أطراف المفاوضات في العقود، بحيث يمتنع الطرف المتفاوض الذي اطلع على المعلومات والبيانات أثناء هذه المرحلة عن إفشائها للغير، فيبقيها طي الكتمان ولا يستغلها لمصلحته الشخصية دون إذن من صاحبها، حيث يسعى هذا الأخير لتحقيق مقابل لها من جراء ما تحوزه من قيمة اقتصادية، فهو التزام قانوني قبل تعاقدي يقع على عاتق المتلقي له يجب عليه أن يبذل ما بوسعه للوفاء به وفقا لمقتضيات مبدأ حسن النية، كما حاولنا تسليط الضوء على أهم تطبيقات السرية فتطرقنا لها في مفاوضات عقود التجارة الدولية، التي تتطلب شروط خاصة لتجسيدها وتحقيق الغاية منها، وكذلك مفاوضات عقود نقل التكنولوجيا التي تعتبر بدورها من العقود الكبرى ترد على تقنيات حديثة تتسم بالتعقيد، ويرتب الإخلال بالأسرار في هذه المرحلة نشوء المسؤولية المدنية، سواء كانت مسؤولية عقدية أو تقصيرية، تستوجب التعويض كجزاء عن خرق مبدأ الالتزام بالسرية</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207204">
                <text>The negotiation stage is one of the most important and dangerous stages in the contract, consists of several obligations which are respected by negotiators for the aim of reaching the final version of the contract and satisfying both parties alongside reserving their interests and rights, including the obligation of confidentiality. The latter is a matter of concern to the majority of modern legislations. On this basis, the present research paper addresses the confidentiality principle which is followed by the negotiating parties, where the negotiator refrains from disclosing the information s/he posses, keeps it confidential and does not use it for his/her own benefit without the permission of its owner who seeks compensation due to the contract s economic value. Moreover, it is pre-contractual legal obligation that the recipient must fulfill in accordance with good faith. The research also sheds light on the applications of confidentiality in international trade contracts that require special conditions in the process of application and achievement of their goal, in addition to technology transfer contracts, which are among the major contracts, whose techniques are characterized by modernity and complexity. The breach of secrets at this stage results in the emergence of civil liability in contract or tort that requires compensation as a penalty for non-compliance with confidentiality.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207205">
                <text>https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/elbahith/article/view/1894</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207206">
                <text>ara</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207207">
                <text>University of Batna 1</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="46">
            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207208">
                <text>https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/elbahith/article/view/1894/1582</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207209">
                <text>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207210">
                <text>مجلة الباحث للدراسات الأكاديمية; مجلد 10 عدد 1 (2023); 505-522</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207211">
                <text>ELBAHITH For Academic Studies; Vol. 10 No. 1 (2023); 505-522</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207212">
                <text>ELBAHITH For Academic Studies; Vol. 10 No 1 (2023); 505-522</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207213">
                <text>2588-2368</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207214">
                <text>2352-975X</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207215">
                <text>10.59791/efas.v10i1</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207216">
                <text>المفاوضات العقدية</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207217">
                <text>السر المهني</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207218">
                <text>المسؤولية التقصيرية</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207219">
                <text>المعلومات</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207220">
                <text>Contractual negotiations</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207221">
                <text>confidentiality</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207222">
                <text>Tort- information</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207223">
                <text>الالتزام بالسرية في المفاوضات العقدية</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207224">
                <text>Commitment to confidentiality in contract negotiations</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="207225">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207226">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="207227">
                <text>مؤلَّف محكَّم</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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