8 10 221 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Original Articles ##section.default.title## Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chalal , Belkacem Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-06-30 Description An account of the resource This paper deals with the study of a milestone that was discovered in 1997 in one of the private farms in the Hammam Sidi El Hadj  area, specifically about 2.5 km north of the mineral spa of a place called Hammam Sidi El Hadj (Aquae Herculis), where passes the main Roman road that connects the hill area to the desert region, and exactly between the Lambèse-Biskra, passing through the El Kantara region (Calceus Herculis). Especially since the Hammam Sidi El Hadj area is considered to be a crossroads leading to many areas, such as Biskra, Tobna, and Sbaa Mgata. It is worth while to mention that, during the second century AD, the Hammam Sidi El-Hadj area became a reference starting point for calculating miles towards other regions, and not as was previously applied, where the distance was calculated from the site of Lambèse. Un nouveau milliaire de l’époque de Caracalla, découvert en 1997 dans la localité Hammam Sidi el Hadj (Aquae Herculis), à environ 2.5 Km au nord de la station thermale sulfureuse de la même localité. Cette découverte est venue s’ajouter à l’importante série de bornes milliaires qui proviennent d’El Kantara (Calceus Herculis)et ses environs, où des sites voisins qui s’égrènent le long de la vallée de l’Oued El Hai, depuis Kherbet-Hanout (A.A.A.,f. 37,n° 47) , jusqu’à El-Outaya (25 Km au sud ; A.A.A., f.37,n° 63-70), qui jalonnent la voie principale de communication (entre le Sahara et le Tell) Lambèse - El Kantara-Biskra, puis vers l’est de la proconsulaire. Sachant que, à partir du deuxième siècle, le site Hammam Sidi El Hadj marque une bifurcation. Au-delà de cette zone, les milles étaient comptés à partir de ce site et non plus à partir de Lambèse. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/rsh/article/view/2365 Language A language of the resource fra Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available جامعة باتنة1 Relation A related resource https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/rsh/article/view/2365/1985 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2021 مجلة العلوم الاجتماعية والانسانية Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived مجلة العلوم الاجتماعية والانسانية; مجلد 22 عدد 1 (2021): v22i12021; 731-746 social and human sciences review; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2021): v22i12021; 731-746 مجلة العلوم الاجتماعية والانسانية; Vol. 22 No 1 (2021): v22i12021; 731-746 2588-2430 1111-5149 10.59791/rsh.v22i1 Subject The topic of the resource Borne milliaire Caracalla El Kantara Hammam Sidi El Hadj Voie romaine Caracalla El Kantara Hammam Sidi El Hadj Milistone Roman road Title A name given to the resource A new milestone discovered on the Roman road Lambèse-Biskra (near Hammam Sidi El Hadj (Aquae Herculis)) Une nouvelle borne milliaire découverte sur la voie romaine Lambèse-Biskra (prés de Hammam Sidi El Hadj (Aquae Herculis) Type The nature or genre of the resource info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion مؤلَّف محكَّم Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Original Articles ##section.default.title## Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tarek, Khireddine Louchene , Dalel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-06-30 Description An account of the resource Objectives: Being unable to institutionalize autonomous defense mechanisms to face crises, it provokes the worst tyrannies that humanity has known during the process of the democratization of societies. Thus the article aims to demonstrate these weaknesses. Results: Imposed as a universal model, democracy showed only fragility and injustice. Except for limited experiences, it produced weak institutions in vulnerable countries that violate human rights to ensure their continuity, corruption, underdevelopment, conflict and violence, are the consequences revealed during this research. Objectifs : Étant incapable d’institutionnaliser des mécanismes de défense autonome pour affronter systématiquement les crises, elle provoque les pires tyrannies qu’a connues l’humanité au cours du processus de la démocratisation des sociétés. Ainsi, cet article vise à démontrer ces fragilités. Résultats : Imposé comme modèle universel, la démocratie ne montrait que fragilité et injustice. Excepté des expériences limitées, elle donnait des institutions molles dans des pays vulnérables qui violent les droits de l’homme pour garantir leur continuité, la corruption, le sous-développement, les conflits et la violence, en sont les conséquences révélées au cours de cette recherche. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/rsh/article/view/2363 Language A language of the resource fra Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available جامعة باتنة1 Relation A related resource https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/rsh/article/view/2363/1983 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived مجلة العلوم الاجتماعية والانسانية; مجلد 22 عدد 1 (2021): v22i12021; 711-730 social and human sciences review; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2021): v22i12021; 711-730 مجلة العلوم الاجتماعية والانسانية; Vol. 22 No 1 (2021): v22i12021; 711-730 2588-2430 1111-5149 10.59791/rsh.v22i1 Subject The topic of the resource Démocratie état de droit légitimité du pouvoir peuple volonté générale Democracy general will legitimacy of power people state of law Title A name given to the resource Against weaknesses of current systems, will democracy continue to exist ? Politico-legalapproach Face aux fragilités des systèmes actuels, la démocratie continuera –t- elle d’exister ? Approche politico juridique Type The nature or genre of the resource info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion مؤلَّف محكَّم Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Original Articles ##section.default.title## Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Relid, Fodil Barça, El-Mehdi Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-06-30 Description An account of the resource The objective of this study is to prove the existence and to define the nature of the influencing relationship between the dimensions of electronic-word-of-mouth (valence, volume and content) and the perceived image of the tourist destination on potential Moroccan tourists during the pre-visit phase. Responding to this problematic, we used the analytical descriptive approach, and via an electronic questionnaire, targeting a non-random sample made up of 100 Moroccan Internet users. To test the hypotheses, simple linear regression analysis by spss (Ver. 24) was used. As results, we proved the existence of a significant positive influence relationship at the level (α≤0.05)   etween the dimensions of electronic-word-of-mouth on the perceived image of the tourist destination on potential Moroccan tourists in the pre-visit phase. L’objectif de cette étude c’est de prouver l’existence et définir la nature de la relation d’influence entre les dimensions du bouche-à-oreille-électronique (la valence, le volume et le contenu) et l’image perçue de la destination touristique chez les touristes potentiels marocains durant la phase pré-visite. En répondant à cette problématique, on a utilisé l’approche descriptive analytique, et via un questionnaire électronique, en ciblant un échantillon non aléatoire composé de 100 internaute marocain. Pour tester les hypothèses, on a utilisé l’analyse de la régression linéaire simple par spss (Ver 24). Comme résultats, on a prouvé l’existence d’une relation d’influence positive significative au niveau (α≤0.05) entre les dimensions du bouche-à-oreille-électronique sur l’image perçue de la destination touristique chez les touristes potentiels marocains en phase pré-visite. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/rsh/article/view/2359 Language A language of the resource fra Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available جامعة باتنة1 Relation A related resource https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/rsh/article/view/2359/1980 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived مجلة العلوم الاجتماعية والانسانية; مجلد 22 عدد 1 (2021): v22i12021; 689-710 social and human sciences review; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2021): v22i12021; 689-710 مجلة العلوم الاجتماعية والانسانية; Vol. 22 No 1 (2021): v22i12021; 689-710 2588-2430 1111-5149 10.59791/rsh.v22i1 Subject The topic of the resource Bouche à oreille électronique image perçue de la destination touristique touriste marocain tourisme émetteur Electronic word of mouth perceived image of the tourist destination Moroccan tourist outbound tourism Title A name given to the resource Influence of Electronic Word of Mouth on the Perceived Image of the Tourist Destination-Case of Moroccan Tourists Influence du Bouche à Oreille Electronique sur L’image Perçue de la Destination Touristique-Cas des Touristes Marocains Type The nature or genre of the resource info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion مؤلَّف محكَّم Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Original Articles ##section.default.title## Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benamsili , Lamia Fergani , Louhab Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-06-30 Description An account of the resource In 2013, a psychological listening cell was created at the University of Bejaia to listen and provide psychological support for the university community. As research professors in clinical psychology at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, we worked in this cell for two years. In March 2019, a ministerial note announced the plan to create university psychological help centers. This news aroused our desire to relate our experience of working within the psychological unit, whose missions correspond to those announced by the new ministerial project. En 2013, une cellule d’écoute psychologique a été créée à l’université de Bejaia destinée à l’écoute et à l’accompagnement psychologique de la communauté universitaire. À titre d’enseignants chercheurs en psychologie clinique à la faculté des Sciences Humaines et Sociales, nous avons exercé au sein de cette cellule pendant deux ans. En mars 2019, une note ministérielle annonce le projet de création de centres d’aides psychologiques universitaires au niveau national. Cette note a suscité notre souhait de relater notre expérience d’intervention au sein la cellule psychologique dont les missions assurées correspondent à celles annoncées par le nouveau projet ministériel. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/rsh/article/view/2358 Language A language of the resource fra Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available جامعة باتنة1 Relation A related resource https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/rsh/article/view/2358/1979 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived مجلة العلوم الاجتماعية والانسانية; مجلد 22 عدد 1 (2021): v22i12021; 677-688 social and human sciences review; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2021): v22i12021; 677-688 مجلة العلوم الاجتماعية والانسانية; Vol. 22 No 1 (2021): v22i12021; 677-688 2588-2430 1111-5149 10.59791/rsh.v22i1 Subject The topic of the resource complémentarité le statut du psychologue clinicien les conflits de rôle milieu psychiatrique complementarity psychiatric environment role conflict the status of the clinical psychologist Title A name given to the resource Listening and psychological support at the university. The example of an experience at the University of Bejaia. Écoute et accompagnement psychologique à l’université. L’exemple d’une expérience à l’université de Bejaia. Type The nature or genre of the resource info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion مؤلَّف محكَّم Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Original Articles ##section.default.title## Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource MEKHEZEM , Kahina Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-06-30 Description An account of the resource This article deals with the status of the psychologist in the psychiatric environment and aims to show how the status of a psychologist can affect his collaboration with the psychiatrist. To do this, we carried out interviews with 09 clinical psychologists practicing in EHS Tizi Ouzou (Algeria). The results revealed that through continuing education in theory and in clinic, the psychologist acquires a distinguished position which facilitates his adaptation and enables him to collaborate with psychiatrists. And that the ambiguity of the role results from its limitation to university training on the one hand and the similarity of its missions to the psychiatrist on the other hand. This could lead to role conflicts. Cet article traite du statut du psychologue au milieu psychiatrique et vise à montrer comment le statut d’un psychologue peut affecter sa collaboration avec le psychiatre. Pour ce faire, nous avons réalisé des entretiens auprès de 09 psychologues cliniciennes praticiennes à EHS Tizi ouzou (Algérie). Les résultats ont révélé que grâce à la formation continue en théorie et en clinique, le psychologue acquiert une position distinguée qui facilite son adaptation et lui permet de collaborer avec les psychiatres. Et que l'ambiguïté du rôle résultant de sa limitation à la formation universitaire d’une part, et d’autre part du fait de la ressemblance de ses missions avec le psychiatre, pourrait conduire à des conflits de rôles. Abstract: This article deals with the status of the psychologist in the psychiatric environment and aims to show how the status of a psychologist can affect his collaboration with the psychiatrist. To do this, we carried out interviews with 09 clinical psychologists practicing in EHS Tizi Ouzou (Algeria). The results revealed that through continuing education in theory and in clinic, the psychologist acquires a distinguished position which facilitates his adaptation and enables him to collaborate with psychiatrists. And that the ambiguity of the role results from its limitation to university training on the one hand and the similarity of its missions to the psychiatrist on the other hand. This could lead to role conflicts. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/rsh/article/view/2357 Language A language of the resource fra Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available جامعة باتنة1 Relation A related resource https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/rsh/article/view/2357/1978 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived مجلة العلوم الاجتماعية والانسانية; مجلد 22 عدد 1 (2021): v22i12021; 665-676 social and human sciences review; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2021): v22i12021; 665-676 مجلة العلوم الاجتماعية والانسانية; Vol. 22 No 1 (2021): v22i12021; 665-676 2588-2430 1111-5149 10.59791/rsh.v22i1 Subject The topic of the resource complémentarité le statut du psychologue clinicien les conflits de rôle milieu psychiatrique complementarity psychiatric environment, role conflict the status of the clinical psychologist Title A name given to the resource The status of psychologist in the psychiatric environment: between role conflicts and complementarity Le statut du psychologue clinicien au milieu psychiatrique : entre conflit de rôle et complémentarité Type The nature or genre of the resource info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion مؤلَّف محكَّم Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Original Articles ##section.default.title## Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource MERRAOUCHE , Ikram Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-06-30 Description An account of the resource This research paper aims to examine the problem of pricing ecological products under competition. The research concluded that the  pricing problem lies mainly in the quality of the ecological product that is characterized by quality and positive effects on the consumer and the environment alike, which represent additional costs for the institution, thus prices increase. However, the  resence of competitors in the market forces it to adopt price policies that would give it a competitive advantage in order to be able to survive and expand its market share. After analyzing a couple of institutions (CONDOR, ENIEM, ENIE) in terms of the marketing and competitive environment, a mixture of pricing policies was suggested to be adopted by these institutions to achieve a competitive advantage represented by the rapid penetration strategy (with the perception of the green product being valued in the promotion) and the high value strategy with the adoption of the Cartel model. Cet article vise à examiner la problématique de la tarification des produits écologiques sous la concurrence. La recherche a conclu que le problème de tarification réside principalement dans l’aspect du produit écologique qui se caractérise par la qualité et les effets positifs sur le consommateur et l'environnement, ce qui représente un coût supplémentaire supporté par l’entreprise par voie d'augmentation des prix. Cependant, la présence de concurrents de l’entreprise sur le marché l'oblige à adopter des politiques de prix qui lui donneraient un avantage concurrentiel afin de pouvoir survivre et élargir sa part de marché. Après avoir analysé les entreprises étudiées, à savoir CONDOR, ENIEM, ENIE, un mélange de politiques de prix qui pourraient être adoptées par ces entreprises pour obtenir un avantage concurrentiel a été proposé dans la stratégie de pénétration rapide (avec une explication de la valeur perçue du produit écologique en promotion) et la stratégie à valeur élevée ou super en adoptant le modèle du Cartel. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/rsh/article/view/2356 Language A language of the resource fra Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available جامعة باتنة1 Relation A related resource https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/rsh/article/view/2356/1977 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived مجلة العلوم الاجتماعية والانسانية; مجلد 22 عدد 1 (2021): v22i12021; 651-664 social and human sciences review; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2021): v22i12021; 651-664 مجلة العلوم الاجتماعية والانسانية; Vol. 22 No 1 (2021): v22i12021; 651-664 2588-2430 1111-5149 10.59791/rsh.v22i1 Subject The topic of the resource prix écologique produits écologiques marchés des appareils électroménagers les stratégies de tarification avantage concurrentiel green/ecological pricing green/ ecological products market for electrical household appliances pricing strategies competitive advantage Title A name given to the resource The problem of pricing green products under competition applied on electrical household appliances market in Algeria. Problématique de Tarification des Produits Ecologiques sous la Concurrence Appliquée sur les Marchés des Appareils Electroménagers en Algérie Type The nature or genre of the resource info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion مؤلَّف محكَّم Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Original Articles ##section.default.title## Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hassaine , Mahfoudh Abrika , Belaid Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-06-30 Description An account of the resource The analysis of the contribution of migration to local development has only belatedly begun to mobilize the attention of policy- makers and researchers. The results of the analyses carried out have been perceived mainly from an economic perception from a Southern perspective reflecting the transfer of remittances. This article deals with their involvement in the host territories. The  twinning between the municipalities of Bouzeguène (Algeria) and Aubervilliers (France) reveals that associations resulting from emigration can be a factor of rapprochement between the host and home territories and a real asset for decentralized cooperation. On the other hand, these associations are left to their own devices in the absence of technical and financial support from the tworespective territories. L’analyse de la contribution de la migration au développement local n’a commencé à mobiliser l’intention des décideurs et des chercheurs que tardivement. Les résultats des analyses menées ont été perçus essentiellement sous l’angle économique vu à partir d’une perspective de Sud traduisant le transfert de fonds. Cet article traite de leur implication dans les territoires d’accueil. Le jumelage entre les communes de Bouzeguène (Algérie) et Aubervilliers (France) révèle que les associations issues de l’émigration peuvent constituer un facteur de rapprochement entre les territoires d’accueil et d’origine et un véritable atout pour la coopération décentralisée. En revanche, ces associations sont livrées à elles-mêmes dans l’absence d’un appui technique et financier des deux territoires respectifs. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/rsh/article/view/2355 Language A language of the resource fra Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available جامعة باتنة1 Relation A related resource https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/rsh/article/view/2355/1976 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived مجلة العلوم الاجتماعية والانسانية; مجلد 22 عدد 1 (2021): v22i12021; 637-650 social and human sciences review; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2021): v22i12021; 637-650 مجلة العلوم الاجتماعية والانسانية; Vol. 22 No 1 (2021): v22i12021; 637-650 2588-2430 1111-5149 10.59791/rsh.v22i1 Subject The topic of the resource Association de migrants , Coopération décentralisé Développement local Structures villageoises Transfert de fonds Association of migrants Decentralized cooperation Local development Transfer of funds Village structures Title A name given to the resource Involvementof the emigrant community in the impetus of decentralized cooperation partnership: illustrated by the twinning of Aubervilliers (France) to Bouzeguène (Algeria). Implication de la communauté des émigrants dans l’impulsion des accords de coopération décentralisée : illustration par le jumelage d’Aubervilliers (France) à Bouzeguène (Algérie) Type The nature or genre of the resource info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion مؤلَّف محكَّم Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Original Articles ##section.default.title## Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource KHADRAOUI , Errime KHADRAOUI , Fatima Zohra Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023-11-09 Description An account of the resource The purpose of this contribution is to determine the place of the written word in relation to the spoken word in the Algerian  ducational system and to report how the pedagogy of the project allows the development of reading comprehension and production skills. To do this, we have taken the junior cycle programmes of the Algerian education system as subject of this study. First, we analyzed the curricula, textbooks and teacher guides in order to determine the importance given by educational authorities to both competencies (written and oral). We then explained, through the presentation of an example of a project, how the pedagogy of the project allows a better development of written competence. LLa présente contribution a pour objectif de déterminer la place de l’écrit par rapport à l’oral dans le système éducatif algérien ainsi que de rendre compte de la manière dont la pédagogie du projet permet le développement des compétences de compréhension et de production de l’écrit. Pour ce faire, nous avons pris les programmes du cycle moyen du système éducatif algérien comme objet d’étude. Dans un premier temps, nous avons analysé les programmes, manuels scolaires, et guides des professeurs, dans le but de déterminer l’importance accordée par les instances éducatives aux deux compétences (écrit, oral). Nous avons expliqué, dans un second temps, à travers la présentation d’un exemple de projet comment la pédagogie du projet permet-elle un meilleur développement de la compétence de l’écrit. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/rsh/article/view/2354 Language A language of the resource fra Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available جامعة باتنة1 Relation A related resource https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/rsh/article/view/2354/1975 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived مجلة العلوم الاجتماعية والانسانية; مجلد 22 عدد 1 (2021): v22i12021; 623-636 social and human sciences review; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2021): v22i12021; 623-636 مجلة العلوم الاجتماعية والانسانية; Vol. 22 No 1 (2021): v22i12021; 623-636 2588-2430 1111-5149 10.59791/rsh.v22i1 Subject The topic of the resource enseignement du FLE Pédagogie du projet écrit compétence rédactionnelle manuel scolaire teaching French as a foreign language project pedagogy writing writing skills textbook Title A name given to the resource Pédagogie du projet appliquée à l’enseignement du FLE : pour le développement d’une compétence de compréhension et de production de l’écrit Pédagogie du projet appliquée à l’enseignement du FLE : pour le développement d’une compétence de compréhension et de production de l’écrit Type The nature or genre of the resource info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion مؤلَّف محكَّم Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Original Articles ##section.default.title## Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource kerouani , Meriem Habbache , Fares Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-06-30 Description An account of the resource إن الطبيعة الديناميكية التي تشهدها األسواق نتيجة التغير السريع والمتطور في أذواق المستهلكين واشتداد المنافسة، جعلت التسويق اإلبتكاري من الوسائل الحديثة التي يجب على الشركة تبنيها لتحقيق الميزة التنافسية، حيث نهدف من خالل هذا البحث إلى إبراز الدور الذي يؤديه التسويق اإلبتكاري في عناصر المزيج التسويقي إلى تحسين الميزة التنافسية للمؤسسات الخدمية، ولتحقيق هذا الهدف تم تحديد المفاهيم المتعلقة بالتسويق اإلبتكاري ومساهمته في تحقيق الميزة التنافسية، وعرض تجربة الشركة الجزائرية للتأمين وإعادة التأمين (CAAR (كشركة رائدة في هذا المجال، وتم اإلعتماد على التقارير السنوية للشركة لجمع البيانات لتحقيق أهداف البحث، ولمعالجة هذه الدراسة قمنا باستخدام المنهج الوصفي.ومن أبرز النتائج التي توصل إليها البحث أن تبني التسويق اإلبتكاري من طرف هذه الشركة أدى إلى تحسين ميزتها التنافسية من خالل اإلبتكار في مزيجها التسويقي. The dynamic nature of markets due to the rapid change in the tastes and desires of consumers and the increase in competition, made innovation marketing one of the modern means that the company must adopt to achieve competitive advantage. Through this study we aim to highlight the contribution of innovation marketing in the marketing mix to improve the competitive advantage of service companies. To achieve this objective, concepts related to innovation marketing and how it affects competitive advantage have been identified, and the experience of the Algerian insurance and reinsurance company (CAAR) has been analyzed, as it represents as a leading company in this field, we used the company's annual reports as a tool to collect the necessary data, To treat the subject of our study, we used the descriptive approach. One of the most prominent results of the research is that the adoption of innovation marketing by this company has improved its competitive advantage through innovation in the marketing mix. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/rsh/article/view/2353 Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available جامعة باتنة1 Relation A related resource https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/rsh/article/view/2353/1973 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived مجلة العلوم الاجتماعية والانسانية; مجلد 22 عدد 1 (2021): v22i12021; 605-622 social and human sciences review; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2021): v22i12021; 605-622 مجلة العلوم الاجتماعية والانسانية; Vol. 22 No 1 (2021): v22i12021; 605-622 2588-2430 1111-5149 10.59791/rsh.v22i1 Subject The topic of the resource التسويق الإبتكاري المزيج التسويقي الميزة التنافسية Innovation marketing . marketing mix Competitive Advantage Title A name given to the resource Adopting Innovation Marketing as a Mechanism to Improve the Competitive Advantage of Service Companies: The Algerian Insurance and Reinsurance Company (CAAR) Case Study. Type The nature or genre of the resource info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion مؤلَّف محكَّم Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Original Articles ##section.default.title## Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Louardi , Kheddouma Messamah, Mokhtar Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-06-30 Description An account of the resource يتناول هذا البحث كيفية إدارة المخاطر في الشركة التي تعاني الصعوبات المالية حيث لا تستطيع فيها الشركة تحقيق الإيرادات أو الدخل لأنها غير قادرة على الوفاء بالتزاماتها المالية أو لا يمكنها دفعها.ويرجع ذلك عمومًا إلى ارتفاع النفقات الثابتة (مثل النفقات العامة أو الرواتب) أو الأصول غير السائلة أو الإيرادات الحساسة للكساد الاقتصادي.لا تواجه الشركات ذات تكاليف التي تعاني هذه الحالة إفلاسًا محتملاً فحسب، بل أيضًا تسجيل خسارة محاسبية حيث تنشغل الإدارة بالصورة المالية الخطيرة فينعكس ذلك على أداء الموظفين فيصورة إنتاجية المتدنية بسبب القلق بشأن وظائفهم، ويطلب الموردون التسديد المسبق للسلع والخدمات بدلاً من تحرير الفواتير أو التوسع الائتمان، ويبحث العملاء عن شركات أكثر صحة للقيام بأعمال تجارية معها. وبهذا المعنى، يمكن أن تؤدي تكاليف الإضافية الناجمة عن معالجة هذه الوضعية إلى الدخول في دوامة مالية مما يعمق درجة المصاعب المالية. فهناك طرق أو تقنيات يمكن للشركة استخدامها لتقليل مخاطرها الكلية، وهذه الطرق مختلفة في طبيعتها وكفاءتها. يعتمد نجاح استخدام أي منها على عوامل معينة؛ العامل الرئيسي هو تكلفة التقنية نفسها يجب ألا تتجاوز تكلفة التحوط ضد المخاطر القيمةالمتوقعة للخسارة التي تؤدي إلى تلك المخاطر المحددة.  Financial distress is a condition in which a company or individual cannot generate revenue or income because it is unable to meet or cannot pay its financial obligations. This is generally due to high fixed expenses (like overhead or salaries), illiquid assets, or revenues sensitive to economic downturns. Firms with rising distress costs not only face potential bankruptcy but also a loss of  profitability as management becomes preoccupied with darkening financial picture. Employees show lower  productivity as they worry about their jobs; suppliers charge more money upfront for goods and services rather than invoicing or extending credit, and customers search for healthier companies to do business with. In this sense, distress costs can lead to a vicious cycle, deepening the degree of distress. There are methods or techniques that a company can use to reduce its overall risks and these methods are  different in nature and efficiency. The success of using any of them depends on certain factors; the main factor is the cost of the technology itself. The cost of hedging against risks must not exceed the expected value of the loss that leads to those specific risks. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/rsh/article/view/2352 Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available جامعة باتنة1 Relation A related resource https://journals.univ-batna.dz/index.php/rsh/article/view/2352/1972 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived مجلة العلوم الاجتماعية والانسانية; مجلد 22 عدد 1 (2021): v22i12021; 590-604 social and human sciences review; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2021): v22i12021; 590-604 مجلة العلوم الاجتماعية والانسانية; Vol. 22 No 1 (2021): v22i12021; 590-604 2588-2430 1111-5149 10.59791/rsh.v22i1 Subject The topic of the resource إدارة المخاطر الضائقة المالية الإفلاس فواتير الائتمان تمديد الائتمان Risk management financial distress bankruptcy invoicing credit extending credit Title A name given to the resource Risk Management And Financial Distress Type The nature or genre of the resource info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion مؤلَّف محكَّم