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                <text>Lachachi,   Djamel Eddine</text>
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                <text>Segmentation and Word Identification in German and Arabic 
The difficulty in instituting the word as an operational concept has led many linguists to prefer other concepts designated by the terms of: syntagm, lexie or syntheme, the latter two being the most frequent with this value. If there are languages where the word can easily be defined as an independent and indivisible unit, there are others, according to Vendryes, where it merges in some way into the body of the sentence, where one does not can truly define it only on condition of including a mass of varied elements. On the other hand, he sees in the ancient Semitic and Indo-European languages a relatively unified word concept having a full autonomy. It manifests itself in various characteristic phonetic treatments, that for example of the final slices, or in the delicate game of the swinging of the accent. The word carries in itself the sign of its use and the expression of its morphological value; it is of a fullness that leaves nothing to be desired. The word still remains essential in all languages even if it seems to have been abandoned in favor of a smaller linguistic unit: the morpheme.</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/865</text>
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                <text>fra</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 89-101</text>
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                <text>2600-6235</text>
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                <text>1112-3974</text>
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                <text>10.52919/translang.v10i2</text>
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                <text>Linguistic unit</text>
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                <text>morpheme</text>
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                <text>Segmentation et Identification du  mot en Allemand et Arabe</text>
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                <text>Ouahmiche, Ghania</text>
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                <text>Code switching is a phenomenon present in contexts where speakers use more than one variety. It is interesting for sociolinguistic studies to inquire into this behaviour and see whether it is an accidental behaviour or it follows certain rules and constraints. This paper aims to offer some of these grammatical aspects of code-switching observed in an Algerian context, mainly in the speech of bilingual speakers at university. Our prime objective is to explain the different manifestations of the formal properties of two typologically different codes; Algerian Arabic and French and their implications in shaping the syntactic/pragmatic structures in mixed codes. Then, our aim is not to attribute each switch a function since our frame of reference is not functional but we try to explain the ‘how’ and ‘why’ questions differently. The centre of our interest is the socio-pragmatic reality of syntactic constituents in bilingual speech. The analysis of our AA/Fr CS and MSA/AA code-switched data is based on Myers-Scotton’s MLF and its supportive models. In the MLF approach, there is always an asymmetry between the languages involved in CS. One of the major shortcomings of the MLF model discussed in the literature is the inadequacy of the notion of the CP as a unit of analysis. Reducing the matrix language to a property of a CP restricts the constraints on code-switching into purely structural limitations and therefore ignores other determining factors in shaping code- switched sentence patterns, be they socio-linguistic or psycho-linguistic.</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/864</text>
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                <text>eng</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/864/737</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 123-135</text>
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                <text>2600-6235</text>
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                <text>Grammatical aspects</text>
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                <text>code-switching</text>
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                <text>Matrix-Language Approaches to Classic Code-Switching: the MLF and 4-M models under scrutiny</text>
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                <text>Mokadem, Fatima</text>
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                <text>Images of women in the love poetry of Bertolt Brecht and Nizar Qabbani
The aim of this article is to scientifically and precisely examine the image of women in the language of B. Brecht and N. Qabbani's love poetry, which would allow to identify their similarities and differences. Ultimately, an attempt is made here to identify the cultural parallels between B. Brecht's and N. Qabbani's love poetry, which depicts women. In order to ensure this accuracy in the context of the present contribution and at the same time to present the diversity of the imagination of the female, it is necessary to examine individual images and motives to begin. This contribution aims to analyze the pictorial vocabulary used by Qabbani and Brecht to represent the feminine. At the same time, it is clarified how both poets proceed in the design of feminine patterns using the example of mother, lover and wife, i.e. how they "condense" the found female reality.</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/863</text>
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                <text>deu</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/863/736</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 109-122</text>
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                <text>2600-6235</text>
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                <text>the image of women</text>
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                <text>love poetry</text>
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                <text>B. Brecht and N. Qabbani</text>
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                <text>the creation of feminine  patterns</text>
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                <text>Frauenbilder in der Liebeslyrik Bertolt Brechts und Nizar Qabbanis</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="327485">
                <text>Benhattab, Abdelakder Lofti</text>
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                <text>It is inevitable to do without borrowing in bilingual contexts. This phenomenon is more accentuated in contexts where there are bilingual situations involving minority languages. Algeria in general and Oran in particular are interesting sociolinguistic contexts to study the phenomenon of borrowing within minority groups. The present paper makes some preliminary observations on borrowing as it is displayed by members of the Kabyle and Mzabi minorities of Oran. We will be concentrating on the processes of semantic borrowing in the speech of these speakers. This type of borrowing is characteristic of contact situations and particularly those involving minority groups whose language or language varieties are influenced by the language or languages of the majority speakers in one way or another. We will tackle different types of semantic borrowing such as cultural borrowing, calques, and neologisms. The semantic borrowings that are the most recurrent in the data are the ones involving cultural borrowings and calques. Many semantic borrowings are in fact idiomatic expressions that are used by the Algerian Arabic majority speakers of Oran. The Berber minority groups seem to display a process of semantic alteration and extension. Some semantic extensions have in fact integrated new meanings that are not present in the guest language.</text>
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                <text>eng</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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              </elementText>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 102-108</text>
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                <text>2600-6235</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>1112-3974</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>10.52919/translang.v10i2</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>semantic borrowing</text>
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                <text>cultural borrowing</text>
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                <text>calques</text>
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                <text>neologism</text>
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                <text>Kabyle and Mzab  minorities</text>
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                <text>Some Preliminary Observations on  Processes of semantic borrowing in the Kabyle and Mzabi minorities of Oran</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="327463">
                <text>Benmostefa Harig, Fatima Zohra</text>
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                <text>Lexical borrowing and semantic recomposition Nomination and Production of Meaning: the case of transfer from Arabic to French
&amp;nbsp;Intrusion for the purposes of exploitation and settlement, colonization most often leads to tension and violence when the coveted lands are inhabited; the conquest is then prolonged by a territorial appropriation carried out under duress. In the texts of the discursive formation relating to Algeria, the stories of such a story tell in a polemical way the confrontation of the space of some with that of others. The study of the mobilized vocabulary, borrowings from French to Arabic in particular, shows that the words are not the lexemes which would find their value in the immanence of the closed system of the language. The present paper aims at showing how the borrowing of the word casbah from French to Arabic, in the precise circumstances of the capture of Algiers, lost part of its original content to take on the perception that the colonizers had of the place. Moreover, there is the observation of values linked to the transformation of the casbah into a reserved area and linked, more broadly, to the colonial context. Studies of meaning, at the lexical level as well as at the discursive level, show that the problematic of the praxeme leads to replacing the identification of differential semes with the understanding of the processes of which they are the result, and in which the experiences of the world which govern.</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/861</text>
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                <text>fra</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/861/733</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="327472">
                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 76-88</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>2600-6235</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="327474">
                <text>1112-3974</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="327475">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v10i2</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>denomination</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>Discursive stereotype</text>
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                <text>loan</text>
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                <text>praxematics</text>
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                <text>prototypicality</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="327481">
                <text>L’emprunt lexical et la recomposition  sémantique Nomination et Production du Sens : le cas du transfert de l’arabe au français</text>
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                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="327483">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</text>
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                  <text>Traduction et Langues</text>
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      <name>Dataset</name>
      <description>Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing.</description>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
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        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="327441">
                <text>Guenniche, Fatiha</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Types of speech behavior of interlocutors in dialogic speeches in Russian as a foreign language
Dialogic speech is a process of interaction of multidirectional mental systems, the mode of speech functioning of which is determined by the general conditions of communication. The interaction of these can influence the communication process itself, for example, stimulate it or slow it down. Any conversation can consider a series of types of linguistic behaviour which together constitute a text, that is to say a dialogue produced collectively in a given context and situation. In this perspective, our analysis will consist in identifying not only syntactic and semantic sequence rules, but also psycholinguistic mechanisms in the context of learning a foreign language. The mechanism of generating speech in the form of initiative and reactive remarks has certain differences. These differences are primarily due to the different degree of severity of their motivation, as well as the formulating phases of generating a speech statement.</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="327444">
                <text>application/pdf</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="327445">
                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/860</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="327446">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v10i2.860</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="327447">
                <text>rus</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="327448">
                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
              </elementText>
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            <description>A related resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="327449">
                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/860/732</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="327450">
                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 70-75</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="327451">
                <text>2600-6235</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="327452">
                <text>1112-3974</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="327453">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v10i2</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Communication</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="327455">
                <text>dialogue</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>interlocutors</text>
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                <text>monologue</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="327458">
                <text>speech</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="327459">
                <text>Типы речевого поведения собеседников в  диалогической  речи на иностранном русском языке</text>
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                  <text>Traduction et Langues</text>
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      <name>Dataset</name>
      <description>Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing.</description>
    </itemType>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
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        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Fergani, Djazia</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The limits of equivalence in legal translation &amp;nbsp;
It is obvious that the main specificity of legal texts is to refer to legal systems and forms of thought rooted in a culture specific to a particular country. The texts of law are the result of reflections of an ethical, philosophical, psychological, cultural and religious order and for this each concept has its own legal system which is based on founding texts such as the constitution for French and American law and the Koran. and the Sunna for the law of Muslim countries. Consequently, the translator will have to translate into the target language concepts and notions that often only exist in the source language. The present paper aims at shedding light on the processes adopted by translators when dealing with the translation of legal texts with its different domains. The translator presents the synthesis of the linguistic expression, of the law, that is to say a "jurilinguistics" at the confluence of the law and the language, because it is difficult to translate a legal document without knowing the law of the two languages as it is difficult for a lawyer to translate their text well without a perfect mastery and general knowledge of both languages.</text>
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            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>application/pdf</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/859</text>
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                <text>10.52919/translang.v10i2.859</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="327426">
                <text>fra</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 64-69</text>
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                <text>2600-6235</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="327431">
                <text>1112-3974</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="327432">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v10i2</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Equivalence</text>
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                <text>Legal texts</text>
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                <text>transcoding</text>
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                <text>translation</text>
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                <text>Les limites de l’équivalence   dans la traduction juridique</text>
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                <text>Renown scholars have previously pointed to the commoness existing between tribal people in different parts of the world. At first glance, visible affinities attract the attention of the viewers either when travelling, reading books or, watching documentary films. Some writers have mentioned the common traits between the native Americans and the Saharans of north Africa. The two regions seem too hard to live in still, they are populated and their peoples have managed to enter history and the cultural world heritage with their petro glyphs and distinctive cultural traits. To what extent do Native Americans and the Saharans of North Africa share cultural traits and why? This visible commonness is attributed to women more than men, for the reader would see no resemblance between a veiled Targui and a Native American with a feather’s headdress. Three hypotheses are stated to enhance some parallels. The findings which are listed concern the spiritual and cultural characteristics of both populations in general besides some specificities such as jewels’ motifs, vivid colors and, the hairstyle of women.</text>
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                <text>Broadly speaking, translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text, likewise called a translation, that communicates the same message in another language, the text to be translated is called the source text and the language that it is to be translated into is called the target language. The final product is sometimes called the target text. The aim of this paper is to consider translation and globalization in relation to language diversity, maintenance and dynamicity; it also argues that translation will not be beneficial unless it results in an additional value effect. Standard practice acknowledges that every translation activity is a simultaneous decoding encoding process of the text. As a process, while it decodes the meaning embedded in the source text, it also transfers the meaning into a coded form in the target language. Thus every translation becomes an extension of the original text, bringing fresh appreciation to it as well as enrichment to the TL. However, such a process needs to be clearly recognized, not as a mere mechanical transference from one linguistic register to another but as an encounter of two languages and two cultures.</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 48-52</text>
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                <text>Bereksi Reguig, Abdesslam</text>
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                <text>Neurodidactics: revolutionizing language learning through drama
When reviewing the bulk of literature, we may find studies thtat tackle issues related to the concept of holism, the connection between neurobiology and learning processes, the controversial concept of neurodidactics with the following components: movement and learning, enthusiasm and learning, brain research and learning. However, little could be found on the contribution of theater pedagogy to the acquisition of the German language at the Algerian University. It can be highly informative to decide what the optimal conditions for learning are and whether they are taken into acount in curricula. The present paper aims at discussin the points raised above plus tackling didactic innovations in the field of education and higher education that can be used to free oneself from lethargy and traditional routine. Some findings show that it cannot be assumed that the educational institutions have the adequate modern means adapted to neurobiology. None of the competencies or meta-competences already mentioned can be evaluated in current educational systems. Of course, old educational content and paths use old evaluation methods and instruments. This also requires renewal of evaluation methods by supporters of education renewal at all levels. With means such as theater pedagogy, among others, the evaluation can include a human component and therefore lead to a better socialization of the didactic content and methods.</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 40-47</text>
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