var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Feste Phrasen'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Phraseology]]> phraseologisms]]> idiomatic expressions]]> idioms]]> winged words]]> proverbs]]> fixed phrases]]> Phraseology]]> phraseologisms]]> idiomatic expressions]]> idioms]]> winged words]]> proverbs]]> fixed phrases]]> Multi-Word Expressionsand Fixed Phrases
According to Harald Burger, fixed phrases are defined as less fixed phraseologisms compared to the topical formulas (Burger, 2007:37). Fixed phrases include most, but also the most well-known, categories in the phraseological field, such as short forms, which are considered the shortest phraseologisms and usually appear as one-word lexemes such as "Metze", twin formulas consisting of two words of the same part of speech such as Ach and Krach , idioms such as blaming someone, proverbial idioms defined as incomplete but meaningful statements, winged words such as the tree of knowledge (Bible) and if God did not exist, one would have to invent him (Voltaire), proverbs (Wellerisms), the anonymous proverbs are formulated in a funny and ironic way, e.g. All beginnings are difficult, said the thief, then he stole an anvil. This paper focuses multi-word expressions and fixed phrases from a theoretical perspective. It touches upon as twin formulas, idioms, proverbial sayings and winged words, et explores a set of properties characterizing such structures, among which arbitrarily prominent co-occurrence, or collocation as a particular feature, discontinuity, and non-compositionality. Due to this variablility, there would be a need for classification. A set of characteristic features have been established in this paper for classificatory purposes.]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Bouiken, Bahi Amar Abdelkader'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 15 No 2 (2016): Traduction et Langues Volume: 15 Numéro: 02 / Décembre 2016; 118-125]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v15i2]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2016-12-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/702/580]]> application/pdf]]> deu]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/702]]> 10.52919/translang.v15i2.702]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'La formation en traduction juridique au Liban: une étude de terrain'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Compétences]]> formation]]> Marché de travail]]> traducteur juridique]]> traduction spécialisée]]> Legal Translation Training in Lebanon: A Field Study
This article presents the results of an empirical study focused on three major axes. The study was conducted in Lebanon on three main actors in the field of legal translation: translators, commissioners, and translation schools. It aims at highlighting the actual role that universities play in training competent legal translators capable of satisfying market needs in the field of legal translation. For this purpose, the study draws links between translators’ attitudes towards legal translation, commissioners’ attitudes towards the legal translation services available on the market, and the university training that translators receive in this field. The concurrent embedded strategy of mixed method research designs was adopted, whereby the primary quantitative method guides the study, and the qualitative method provides a supporting role. In effect, the first two axes of the study seek to collect quantitative data by way of two surveys. The first survey is addressed to translators holding a master’s degree in translation at the least, while the second survey targets the main commissioners of legal translation projects in Lebanon. As for the third axis, it seeks to collect qualitative data through interviews carried out with the heads of department of translation at the Lebanese universities which have been selected, based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, to take part in the study. The data collected from the first two axes of the study is analyzed in order to bring forward numerical and statistical results, while the analysis of the data collected from the third axis of the study highlights the areas of convergence as well as divergence between the different translation schools in Lebanon. The study shows a shortage of specialized legal translators of proven competence as compared to a high demand for legal translation in Lebanon. Legal translation commissioners, for their part, are reluctant to resort to translators and have no trust in their competence. In effect, the study underlines several weaknesses that translators in Lebanon suffer from when asked to translate legal texts, of which the ability to understand legal texts and reformulate them in the target language, the ability to compare different legal systems and the concepts relating to these systems, the understanding and use of specialized legal language, documentary research, and access to reliable legal resources. These results are due, at least in part, to the conditions of the training provided by universities in the field of legal translation. In fact, the results of the study underline an almost total lack of specialized training programs in legal translation as well as in all other fields of translation. Moreover, legal translation courses are overloaded, and the development of thematic, technological, and strategic competences, as well as research skills and competence in specialized legal language, is weak. Nevertheless, the study draws a positive correlation between translation schools investing in legal translator training and interest of both students and translation professionals in this field of translation. In light of the results of this empirical study, the gaps to be bridged in the existing translation programs are pinpointed in order for these programs to better respond to market needs. A partial solution to the underlined problem undoubtedly lies in establishing a targeted training program in legal translation, which combines translation, law, and linguistics and aims to train highly specialized legal translators.
legal translator; competence; specialized translation; translator training]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Fahed, Nadira'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Sader Feghali, Lina'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 21 No 1 (2022): Traduction et Langues Volume : 21 Numéro : 01 / Août 2022; 173-189]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2022-08-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/891/759]]> application/pdf]]> fra]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/891]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1.891]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Spectralité, Violence et Devoir de Mémoire dans Les Funérailles de Rachid Boudjedra'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Spectrality]]> violence]]> hunt]]> justice]]> amnesia]]> duty]]> Spectrality]]> Violence]]> Hunt]]> Justice]]> Amnesia]]> justice]]> Duty]]> Spectrality, Violence and Duty of Memory in The Funeral of Rachid Boudjedra
To assume a right of historical justice and mourning the martyrs of the violence, spectrally as a form of writing does not, in this literature of urgency, a fascination with death, but it establishes a relationship or link between the latter and the romance between the real world and the fictional world. She wants a scriptural choice and a commitment adapted by Rashid Boudjedra to justice for victims of terrorism in Algeria 90s allowing them to take place in the collective memory of the country not to get lost in historical amnesia. This story does not appear as a "farewell" to victims but instead he emphasizes speaking, listening and dialogue for the disappearance does not become forgotten and that mourning is completed. We think that the spectral writing in Les Funérailles “The Funeral” is inspired by an anthological philosophy reflection because the spectrality linked to the principle of justice and the duty of memory is amply verified in this novel by Rachid Boudjedra and the questioning of the use of this technique in this literary production prompts us to serach answers for few questions: How is this spectral represented in this novel? What are its forms? What are its characteristics and dimensions? Could it reflect the author's vision and position? The findings of this resarch showed that The Funeral is a place of textual memory where the murdered and the living meet and get closer by consciousness and fidelity to memory, because this romantic fabric is not a fantastic text or a ghost story, but an incentive to save their memory by telling it by talking to them and listening to them. It is a work that allows the impossible encounter to take place through the anthology which remains here a logos whose main characteristic is to stage, to provoke and to describe at the same time, an encounter which, without it, would not exist, and to which the official historical discourse does not adhere. This is a textual encounter and not an attempt to magically bring a dead person back. Communication, when it takes place, remains in the realm of the story being told. Also, this anthological work is considered as a remedy for a suffering and tired memory. It is therefore necessary to reconstitute and assume his history, just as the psychoanalyst helps the analysed to reconstitute and support his own history. Futhermore, the spectral supports a historical reconstruction which presents itself as an obligation vis-à-vis the disappeared according to the djebarian vision. We think then that the anamnesic procedure allows the deficient and torn memory of the great History to take place in the small history. Accordingly, through spectrality and collective memory remain vivid and alive to fight against all forms of forgetting and historical amnesia and allow individual dramatic memory to become and transform into collective memory.]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Moussedek, Leila'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 15 No 2 (2016): Traduction et Langues Volume: 15 Numéro: 02 / Décembre 2016; 7-17]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v15i2]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2016-12-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/701/579]]> application/pdf]]> fra]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/701]]> 10.52919/translang.v15i2.701]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Post- édition de TA neuronale à la DGT et qualité des textes finaux : étude de cas'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Institutional]]> translation]]> neutral machine translation]]> post-editing product]]> quality]]> Neural Machine Translation Post-Editing in DGT and Final Text Quality: A Case Study
This article aims at presenting the results of a case study carried out in collaboration with the European Commission’s Directorate General for Translation. This study analyses the quality of contents post-edited from Neural Machine Translation (NMT) proposals (eTranslation NMT engine) by translators with varied translation experience levels. Two types of participants were recruited: “Blue Book” interns (i.e. recently graduated translators taking part in a 5-month paid internship in DGT) and in-house translators. In order to proceed with this analysis, we used an evaluation grid created by French researchers Toudic et al. (2014), and containing nine error categories, as well as four types of effects which guide raters when they attribute severity penalties to errors. The reliability of this tool was verified by an interrater agreement score: 583 revision marks were compared in terms of 1) severity penalty, 2) category and 3) raw MT responsibility by two investigators. As far as methodology is concerned, for each source text, a NMT proposal from the eTranslation engine was post-edited by a DGT translator (10 participants; 7 in- house translators and 3 “Blue Book” interns) and revised by a DGT colleague. This procedure follows the typical DGT workflow: texts are usually first translated by a translator, then systematically revised by a colleague from the same (or sometimes, a different) translation unit. The evaluation of PE text quality was thus carried out through the revision marks introduced in the PE texts. Each of these revision marks was categorised and was attributed a penalty score ranging from 1 (minor) to 5 (critical), according to the perceived distortion of the original message and intention that the source text is supposed to convey. Severity penalties were then normalised using a 100-word basis, in order for the results to be comparable between participants and texts: a total penalty score was computed for each text, and then accordingly divided to reach a 100-word penalty score. These normalised scores enabled us to compare the perceived quality of the texts provided by our participants. Though our results cannot be generalised, since the study presented here is a case study for which no significance score could be computed (not enough data), several conclusions were reached: the overall PE text quality is higher in participants with high experience levels (senior translators) than in junior translators; participants with lower experience levels produce PE texts containing more fidelity and terminology problems than their more experienced counterparts, and professional experience does not seem to have an influence on the proportion of errors directly caused by NMT proposals. Several organisational constraints limited the scope of our study. First, the modest number of participants did not provide for significant results. Hence, a deeper study could be carried on with more volunteers, in order to reach more generalisable results. Secondly, each participant provided us with an uneven number of texts and PE words. This is due to the very nature of our study, in the framework of which translators provided us with texts coming from their daily translation tasks, which limits the quantity of collected data but increases natural validity. Furthermore, the authentic context in which this study was implemented did not enable us to collect process data: further studies could include said data, which would provide for more representative results and provide us with an insight in translators’ cognitive processes when post-editing. In this context, eye-tracking data could be collected, and methods such as questionnaires and think-aloud protocols could be implemented in order to link process data to the quality scores obtained in our study. Finally, studying additional language pairs would be relevant, since NMT quality tends to vary according to these.]]> Neural Machine Translation Post-Editing in DGT and Final Text Quality: A Case Study
This article aims at presenting the results of a case study carried out in collaboration with the European Commission’s Directorate General for Translation. This study analyses the quality of contents post-edited from Neural Machine Translation (NMT) proposals (eTranslation NMT engine) by translators with varied translation experience levels. Two types of participants were recruited: “Blue Book” interns (i.e. recently graduated translators taking part in a 5-month paid internship in DGT) and in-house translators. In order to proceed with this analysis, we used an evaluation grid created by French researchers Toudic et al. (2014), and containing nine error categories, as well as four types of effects which guide raters when they attribute severity penalties to errors. The reliability of this tool was verified by an interrater agreement score: 583 revision marks were compared in terms of 1) severity penalty, 2) category and 3) raw MT responsibility by two investigators. As far as methodology is concerned, for each source text, a NMT proposal from the eTranslation engine was post-edited by a DGT translator (10 participants; 7 in- house translators and 3 “Blue Book” interns) and revised by a DGT colleague. This procedure follows the typical DGT workflow: texts are usually first translated by a translator, then systematically revised by a colleague from the same (or sometimes, a different) translation unit. The evaluation of PE text quality was thus carried out through the revision marks introduced in the PE texts. Each of these revision marks was categorised and was attributed a penalty score ranging from 1 (minor) to 5 (critical), according to the perceived distortion of the original message and intention that the source text is supposed to convey. Severity penalties were then normalised using a 100-word basis, in order for the results to be comparable between participants and texts: a total penalty score was computed for each text, and then accordingly divided to reach a 100-word penalty score. These normalised scores enabled us to compare the perceived quality of the texts provided by our participants. Though our results cannot be generalised, since the study presented here is a case study for which no significance score could be computed (not enough data), several conclusions were reached: the overall PE text quality is higher in participants with high experience levels (senior translators) than in junior translators; participants with lower experience levels produce PE texts containing more fidelity and terminology problems than their more experienced counterparts, and professional experience does not seem to have an influence on the proportion of errors directly caused by NMT proposals. Several organisational constraints limited the scope of our study. First, the modest number of participants did not provide for significant results. Hence, a deeper study could be carried on with more volunteers, in order to reach more generalisable results. Secondly, each participant provided us with an uneven number of texts and PE words. This is due to the very nature of our study, in the framework of which translators provided us with texts coming from their daily translation tasks, which limits the quantity of collected data but increases natural validity. Furthermore, the authentic context in which this study was implemented did not enable us to collect process data: further studies could include said data, which would provide for more representative results and provide us with an insight in translators’ cognitive processes when post-editing. In this context, eye-tracking data could be collected, and methods such as questionnaires and think-aloud protocols could be implemented in order to link process data to the quality scores obtained in our study. Finally, studying additional language pairs would be relevant, since NMT quality tends to vary according to these.]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Loïc De Faria, Pires'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 21 No 1 (2022): Traduction et Langues Volume : 21 Numéro : 01 / Août 2022; 77-98]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2022-08-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/890/758]]> application/pdf]]> fra]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/890]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1.890]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'مصادر قاعدة الترجيح بين التنزيل والتأويل والتبديل'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> the foundational maxim of preferring or giving preponderance]]> certainty]]> the knowledge of reasoning]]> interpretation]]> alteration]]> the foundational maxim of preferring or giving preponderance]]> certainty]]> the knowledge of reasoning]]> interpretation]]> alteration]]> Sources of The Normative Legal Maxim of Preferring between Application, Interpretation and Alteration
This paper highlights the great importance associated to the normative legal maxim of preferring which comprise fundamentals of varying degrees in terms of influence. Some of which serve for the knowledge of certainty, some others assist the knowledge of reasoning in order to disambiguate the disagreement around controversial issues. This fact justifies the compulsory need to appeal to these foundational maxims to preserve the Islamic Sharia from interpretation and interpolation. The research revolves around the circle of jurisprudential controversies between the Sunni sects that are in agreement on the unity of the source in terms of ruling but through time and because of the prevalence of imitation bequeathed an imbalance in the facts, this necessitated to research the maxim of preferring, and to clarify its ruling and types and what has to do with its core. By extrapolating the history of legislation and examining the reality, it became clear that many of those engaged in jurisprudence began to meditate on the basis of approximate rules, which are not correct in the same matter, despite the disparity between them. The rule of preferring is of varying degrees in the strength and the benefit, some of them benefit from certain knowledge or close to that, and some of them benefit from theoretical inferential science, its purpose is to clarify the truth. So, the rule of preferring was a duty, in order to preserve the law of interpretation from distortion. After raising the different issues relevant to this topic, the researcher concluded that it is necessary to describe the rule of preferring in legitimacy and that this depends on its connection with the its applicability or interpreted sources, in addition to the obligation to conduct the scientific method of preferring that includes the revealed preferring and the interpreted preferring rather than the altered preferring. Just as the more correct one in the madhab does not have to be preponderant in the same matter, since the Shariah is broader than the madhhab in its texts, principles and purposes.]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Serrar, Salim'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 15 No 2 (2016): Traduction et Langues Volume: 15 Numéro: 02 / Décembre 2016; 259-283]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v15i2]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2016-12-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/700/578]]> application/pdf]]> ara]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/700]]> 10.52919/translang.v15i2.700]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Adaptation: A Twin Concept in Literature and Translation'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Application]]> Film]]> Literary studies]]> Meaning]]> Techniques]]> While volumes of works have been published on adaptation as a concept, little has been done on the issue of adaptation in literature and translation. Adaptation can, therefore, be defined generally as an action or a process of changing something or of being changed to suit a new situation. It is the act of changing something or changing an act to make it suitable for a new purpose or situation. The idea of adaptation is not limited to both literature and translation only but it can be extended to films and their contemporary features. In literature, adaptation serves as a technique of narration and it is applicable in all genres of literature. The concept is equally applicable in translation studies; it serves as a technique of translation which may be applied to isolated parts of the text in order to deal with specific differences between the language and culture of the source text and that of the target text. Adaptation ameliorates cultural narrative, by considering the cultural links between the source language and the target language in translation studies. This is going to show us that adaptation elucidates more on the cultures and how these can be adapted into a real sense of newness of ideas in another cultural cycle. It is further explicated that the concept can be employed as an interdisciplinary one which can be applied in anthropology, philosophy, cultural studies, history, sciences and in all fields of arts. Diverse examples of adaptation are explored in series of African literature, western literature and translation studies. The major objective of this is to examine how adaptation can be described as a twin concept in literature and translation. This study also attempts to explicate the areas of convergence and divergence in the concept and application of adaptation in literature and translation studies. In this study, we adopt descriptive, narrative and expository methods where we describe, narrate and reveal the necessary issues on adaptation as a technique in both literature and translation. In this study, we adopt Skopos theory, which is formulated by the German translator, Hans Vermeer in 1970’s. The theory suggests that the mission and the purpose of translation are of paramount importance. The process of translation is determined by the function of the product. This function is specified by the addressee. This theory is one of the functionalist approaches whose aim is to dethrone the source text (ST). The word “Skopos” was from Greek, meaning purpose or aim. It is used as a technical term for the purpose of translation. The Skopos theory principally suggests that translations should focus on the target culture and language illustrating the source text, their effects on the reader, and the original author’s purpose as decisive factors, rather than the effects and purposes of the source language. The study concludes that Adaptation makes the old literary work popular and marketable because it is a trend to the original work. Literary adaptation that is done rightly has more advantages than disadvantages. One of the common reasons a book or story is adapted is because the characters in that story are already well-known and this help the adapted one. Adaptation will remain relevant in all fields of arts as long as the concept of masterpiece is adapted into the current trends in literary and translation studies. The concept will continue to be significant all over the world because it exposes literary ideas to different audience. Adaptation is as old as the world and it cannot cease because of its pertinence in a changing world.]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Faniran Keji, Felix'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Oyenyi Toluwalope, Oluwabukola'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Olusanya, Phillip Siji'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 21 No 1 (2022): Traduction et Langues Volume : 21 Numéro : 01 / Août 2022; 307-319]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2022-08-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/889/757]]> application/pdf]]> eng]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/889]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1.889]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Le Conte, un Outil au Service de l’Enseignement/Apprentissage du Français Langue Étrangère'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> tale]]> teaching]]> learning]]> French as a foreign language]]> diversity]]> competence]]> imagination]]> tale]]> teaching]]> learning]]> French as a foreign language]]> diversity]]> competence]]> imagination]]> The Storytelling as a Tool for Teaching/Learning French as a Foreign Language
The tale in classroom can propose different avenues of pedagogical exploitation, namely, activities reinforcing the mastery of the French language such as grammar, syntax, etc. It is for many teachers of French as a foreign language, an essentially written medium that offers the possibility of developing a competence in writing among learners. As a real teaching tool, the tale provides teachers and learners with a wide range of educational opportunities. This paper reveals that storytelling is a very relevant teaching aid for primary school learners and in particular in foreign language classes, such as French. The tale is really useful as a didactic tool, it allows to get closer in a very simple and easy way to aquire expressions, structures and notions to speak, tell and communicate. In short, storytelling is a matter of awakening. It gives the learner additional means to overcome his difficulties and shortcomings in the essential areas of listening, reading and writing. Storytelling helps develop various skills among primary school learners. It improves imagination, memory, self-confidence, while enriching vocabulary, expressiveness by promoting speaking.]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Zarior, Saadia'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 15 No 2 (2016): Traduction et Langues Volume: 15 Numéro: 02 / Décembre 2016; 213-224]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v15i2]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2016-12-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/698/574]]> application/pdf]]> fra]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/698]]> 10.52919/translang.v15i2.698]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Functions and Translation of Palestinian Dialect in Ibrahim Nasrallah’s Time of White Horses'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> dialect, identity]]> translation]]> standardization]]> domestication]]> The problems that translators of fiction, especially novels, face when translating dialects from one language to another vary because dialects are distinct as much as cultures and language systems are distinct. It is noticeable that Palestinian authors use colloquial language in dialogues and special expressions, striving to attain aesthetic and cultural merits or more realism in the text. Thus, an accurate translation of literary dialect is necessary to preserve the effect of the colloquial language that increases the authenticity of the testimony and adds a sense of reliability since mistranslation of it might undermine the subject matters of the literary work. Therefore, studying dialect translation issues by situating these studies into their contexts can be very effective since it helps both translators and readers recognize their own functionality. This paper examines Nancy Roberts’ translation of the Palestinian dialect from Arabic into English in Ibrahim Nasrallah’s Time of White Horses. It seeks to identify the problems experienced by the translator when dealing with dialect in the novel under study. It also focuses on how the loss of translation can lead to the loss of repertoire of implications embedded in the dialects employed in Nasrallah’s Time of White Horses. The data of the study consists of Palestinian dialect utterances and expressions and their English translations. The novel is teeming with utterances having traces of the Palestinian dialect. However, the researchers analyze a number of random examples that are assumed to be the most representative of each function on basis of their own judgment. The paper analyses the source text dialectical utterances for their functions as well as their socio-cultural implications. The study involves a descriptive analysis in tandem with a comparative textual analysis. The data of the ST will be classified according to their different functions, and then data will be compared with their English counterparts to examine the different strategies used in translating the dialect. House's model (1997) of register analysis in tandem with Venuti’s (1995) theory of domestication and foreignization is adopted as the theoretical framework of the analysis. In light of these models, the study proceeds to discuss translation strategies used to deal with dialect and how these strategies affect the implications and messages encoded in dialectical usage. Furthermore, it deals with dialect markers and the extent to which these markers were preserved in the target text. We suggest in this article that Nasrallah’s use of local dialect in his work is testimonial and historical in attitude. The dialect the author uses retrieves collective memories that local collective memoirs also share while bearing witness to historic events remembered and commemorated. The study reveals that there are mismatches in the register variables between the source and the target text considering that the majority of the dialectical utterances are standardized. It also shows that Palestinian dialect performs various functions in the novel such as signalling familial relationships, signalling social distance, asserting the Palestinianism of the story, generating humor, and codification. Furthermore, the study reveals that the identity of the dialect is attained through phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical markers. Standardization of dialect markers conceals the traces of the existence of dialect in the text. Thereby, the study contends that domesticating the dialect markers utilizing standardization strategy threatens and undermines the contours of the national identity of dialect and consequently the national identity of the text as whole. Thereby, domesticating the dialect by the means of standardization hurdles the functions meant by the employment of Palestinian dialect in the text as well as the Palestinianism of the text constructed through the use of dialect.]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Hamamra, Bilal'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Qabaha, Ahmad'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Awwad, Eithar'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 21 No 1 (2022): Traduction et Langues Volume : 21 Numéro : 01 / Août 2022; 289-306]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2022-08-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/888/756]]> application/pdf]]> eng]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/888]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1.888]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Zur Effizienz des Medieneinsatzes im DaF-Unterricht'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Media use]]> teaching Deutsch]]> media categories]]> media use competence]]> Media use]]> teaching Deutsch]]> media categories]]> media use competence]]> On The Efficiency of Media Use in Deutsch Lessons
This article focuses on the use of media and their influence on the process of learning foreign languages, in this case German. The focus is on the categories of media and its use as a support when teaching and learning the German language. Media occupy a central place in educational settings, it is important to integrate them in the teaching context, because they create real opportunities for communication and they bring foreign-language reality into the classroom. Teaching with media makes teaching out of real objects that are both learning objects and tools, as learning objects, they enable experience that serves to achieve learning goals. Henceforth, this paper emphasizes the effectiveness of the use of media in Deutsch lessons. The different functions of teaching through media were discussed in details, namely cognitive, pragmatic, and affective.]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Bouchenaki, Wafaa Sihem Nina'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 15 No 2 (2016): Traduction et Langues Volume: 15 Numéro: 02 / Décembre 2016; 77-83]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v15i2]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2016-12-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/697/576]]> application/pdf]]> deu]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/697]]> 10.52919/translang.v15i2.697]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Telling Theatre Play Otherwise: Na'im al-Shayatin Versus Tartuffe'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Adaptation]]> Re- tartuffing]]> rewriting]]> Translation]]> Performing arts]]> The addition/removal combination, related to translation, observed in the process of recreation constitutes the means of attenuation of the cultural, environmental and temporal differences between the audiences of the two plays. I propose to examine the process of adaptation and/or rewriting of the play (Na'im al-Shayatin), inspired by Tartuffe through the function of the translator as author. Given the highly evocative dimension of language, through the emanation of waves of expression of innuendo, new equations are observable for obtaining the meanings suggested in the target language and culture. Undoubtedly, an original way to reapprehend the latter. I raise questions about how the director works for re-creation in a different artistic environment using translation as a process. Due to the disparity in the audiences' environments and cultures of the two plays, the director resorted to adaptation and rewriting by combining addition and deletion. He negociated as a mediator to adapt the original work to the new audience and communicate the main ideas of the original play, which are hypocrisy and deceit through religious falsity, woman and marriage issues and family conflicts. To do so, he made changes to the playwriting in order to free the theatrical performance from its original terms. Indeed, Tartuffe is historically known as "The Impostor" or "The Hypocrite". The audience is aware of the latter’s blatant dishonesty. It is also ware that he is a clever and skilled hypocrite rather than a naive or illiterate fake. These ideas were reproduced as main themes in the Algerian play Na'im al-Shayatin. I analysed them in this paper using the Freytag pyramid through exposition, rising action, climax and denouement. Rewriting incorporates different levels and varieties of creativity in translation when removing boundaries between the source and target works. This process compeles the marriage of two extremely different environements into one mold. Eventhough worldwide communities represent many points of cultural disparity, they sometimes gather around some common socio-cultural traits and it is upon this very point that the researcher would shed focus in the current paper. In such contexts, the author can play a double-layered function that fluactautes between creating and translating. The latter is not an automatic literal process especially in literary domains where psychological factors like feelings and emotions are highly demanded. The factor of the human being in such contexts is not inveitable; literary translation is mainly a human endeavour. Consequently, the re-appearance of the same character in transcultural literature should not be considered a peculiar incidence. Instead of looking at literary works as unique and matcheless, one should reconsider this state of affairs to have the most of the teansuclutral literary experience. In Na'im al-Shayatin, the director, who was stuck between two extremes, was given the function of a secondary concept "recycler", propelling him toward a forthcoming narrative that is nothing less than the creative incarnation of his translation. On the one hand, he faces the challenge of staying authentic to the original play's vivacity, wit, and attractiveness. On the other hand, he is confronted by the difficult task of expressing the content autonomously in a hidden challenge of separating the act of translating from the creative process. Through this, Belkholdja re- tartuffed the original play by giving it a fresh perspective.]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Benaouda, Adila'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 21 No 1 (2022): Traduction et Langues Volume : 21 Numéro : 01 / Août 2022; 268-287]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2022-08-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/887/755]]> application/pdf]]> eng]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/887]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1.887]]>