var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Welche Sprache(n), wee und woozy linen? Deutschkurs am Intensivfremdsprachenzentrum CEIL Algerischer Universitäten'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> foreign language learning]]> Deutsch]]> textbook]]> teaching/learning materials]]> learner autonomy]]> motivation]]> adult education]]> university]]> Foreign language learning]]> Deutsch]]> textbook]]> teaching/learning materials]]> learner autonomy]]> mtivation]]> adult education]]> university]]> Which language(s), wee and woozy linen? Deutschcourse at the CEIL intensive foreign language center of Algerian universities
Foreign language learning has become a must in Algerian universities in recent years due to its concrete importance in the higher education context and at the international level. Algerian students, lecturers (researchers) and university members have become aware in recent years about the need to learn and/or master at least one foreign language. In order to meet the increasing demand for foreign language learning in higher education, many Algerian universities have initiated intensive foreign language centers (des centers d'enseignement intensif des langues étrangères). Several world languages are offered for learning such as French, English, German, Spanish, Chinese, etc. Learning German occupies an important place at these intensive foreign language centers and is requested and/or offered at many settings at Algerian universities. This article first provides a brief overview of the German courses offered at these institutions and then specifically addresses the questions of the teaching and learning materials used, the curriculum and the various learning objectives of learning German. In fact, various steps can be recorded in the design or conception of a specific textbook for German learners at the intensive language centers of Algerian universities, which are briefly presented at the end of this article. First, the language needs and the learning goals of the German learners are considered in more details in order to create a general curriculum. Of course, the necessary basic elements of the German language must be made available to the CEIL German learners in the initial lessons. Later, after an intensification of the German learning in the sense of the intensive course, further linguistic means or competencies from the university area in Germany could be used in the textbook in order to meet the needs of learners. Last but not least, the linguistic requirements and the adequate communication needs should be taken into account in the textbook. Also, the learners’ autonomy should be promoted because the aim of this experiment (creating a specific textbook for the CEIL German learners) is to get the CEIL German learners prepared for independent learning of the German language. Instrumental motivation certainly has a positive influence on the achievements of the CEIL learners. Accordingly, the CEIL German lessons can be improved by the textbook and other practical materials to keep pace with the course developments.]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Soudani, Mohamed'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 15 No 2 (2016): Traduction et Langues Volume: 15 Numéro: 02 / Décembre 2016; 159-171]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v15i2]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2016-12-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/688/566]]> application/pdf]]> deu]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/688]]> 10.52919/translang.v15i2.688]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Vers quel modèle de traduction-terminologie en langues nationales à l’aune d’une éducation bi- plurilingue au Cameroun ?'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> translation]]> terminlogy]]> bilingual education]]> national languages]]> lexicon]]> Towards what model of translation-terminology in national languages in the light of bi-plurilingual education in Cameroon?
Cameroon, a country characterised by obvious linguistic diversity, recognises the importance of education that is rooted in the culture of the pupils and develops professional or self-employment skills through bi-lingual education. However, the national languages of Cameroon do not have sufficiently elaborate metalanguages to fully convey all the knowledge related to school subjects such as grammar, arithmetic, geometry, etc. They therefore need to be developed and adapted to the needs of the students. They need to be equipped with adequate terminologies to meet the challenge of bi-plurilingual teaching (official languages and national languages), because the production of bi-plurilingual (Cameroonian languages and official languages: French and English) teaching manuals and metalinguistic tools (lexicons, dictionaries, etc.), among others, implies an intense activity of translation-terminology to express certain teaching contents. However, no standard theoretical-practical model has been adopted for translation- terminology involving these languages. This activity thus seems to be left to improvisation. Focusing on recent work in two terminology committees in Cameroon (the ELAN- Afrique committee and the one set up by the IFADEM-RETHE team in Cameroon in 2016), this article outlines some of the salient linguistic problems encountered in translation-terminology activities related to the elaboration of lexicons in national languages, in the perspective of bi-lingual education. These include problems relating to the order of priority in the choice of naming procedures, compliance with the rules of adaptation of borrowings, the length of lexicalised expressions, and the rate of translation of terms. With regard to the choice of naming procedures, certain notions were difficult to agree on and were sometimes the source of lengthy debates within the translation-terminology groups. For example, in view of the high level of abstraction of certain concepts, some members of the terminology committees proposed borrowing as a first recourse, while others, with a purist tendency, considered that procedures employing the internal resources of the target language should be preferred to borrowing, without taking into account the length of the lexemes that would be derived from them. As far as compliance with the rules of adaptation of borrowings is concerned, several terms are not morpho-phonologically adapted, contrary to what is recommended by the cultural approaches. Moreover, several graphemes and consonantal sequences not attested in the alphabet or in the morphophonology of certain languages have been disgracefully taken into account in lexicons. Furthermore, as regards the length of lexicalised expressions, several terms have been translated into excessively long syntagms, or even sentences, whereas several procedures could have allowed their lexicalisation in compliance with the principle of brevity dear to terminology. Finally, some terms, due to their high level of abstraction or technicality, remained untranslated. In addition, the study proposes some theoretical-practical issues in the perspective of a model of translation-terminology of school contents from the official languages into the national languages of Cameroon, by laying the groundwork for an extensive socio-cultural terminological approach that would not only preserve the identity needs of each local community (hence the socio-cultural component of the model), but would also take into account the linguistic and cultural diversity of Cameroon characterised by the other idioms that evolve in this territory with the cultures they convey (hence the extensive character of the model). It is a non-essentialist model in its socio-cultural dimension, which promotes the multidialectal and multilingual character of the territory in translation-terminology activities by encouraging and highlighting the lexical variations that could arise from the different linguistic variants within a single language, as well as the calques and borrowings between Cameroonian languages; this with a view to increasing the possibilities of terminological development.]]> Towards what model of translation-terminology in national languages in the light of bi-plurilingual education in Cameroon?
Cameroon, a country characterised by obvious linguistic diversity, recognises the importance of education that is rooted in the culture of the pupils and develops professional or self-employment skills through bi-lingual education. However, the national languages of Cameroon do not have sufficiently elaborate metalanguages to fully convey all the knowledge related to school subjects such as grammar, arithmetic, geometry, etc. They therefore need to be developed and adapted to the needs of the students. They need to be equipped with adequate terminologies to meet the challenge of bi-plurilingual teaching (official languages and national languages), because the production of bi-plurilingual (Cameroonian languages and official languages: French and English) teaching manuals and metalinguistic tools (lexicons, dictionaries, etc.), among others, implies an intense activity of translation-terminology to express certain teaching contents. However, no standard theoretical-practical model has been adopted for translation- terminology involving these languages. This activity thus seems to be left to improvisation. Focusing on recent work in two terminology committees in Cameroon (the ELAN- Afrique committee and the one set up by the IFADEM-RETHE team in Cameroon in 2016), this article outlines some of the salient linguistic problems encountered in translation-terminology activities related to the elaboration of lexicons in national languages, in the perspective of bi-lingual education. These include problems relating to the order of priority in the choice of naming procedures, compliance with the rules of adaptation of borrowings, the length of lexicalised expressions, and the rate of translation of terms. With regard to the choice of naming procedures, certain notions were difficult to agree on and were sometimes the source of lengthy debates within the translation-terminology groups. For example, in view of the high level of abstraction of certain concepts, some members of the terminology committees proposed borrowing as a first recourse, while others, with a purist tendency, considered that procedures employing the internal resources of the target language should be preferred to borrowing, without taking into account the length of the lexemes that would be derived from them. As far as compliance with the rules of adaptation of borrowings is concerned, several terms are not morpho-phonologically adapted, contrary to what is recommended by the cultural approaches. Moreover, several graphemes and consonantal sequences not attested in the alphabet or in the morphophonology of certain languages have been disgracefully taken into account in lexicons. Furthermore, as regards the length of lexicalised expressions, several terms have been translated into excessively long syntagms, or even sentences, whereas several procedures could have allowed their lexicalisation in compliance with the principle of brevity dear to terminology. Finally, some terms, due to their high level of abstraction or technicality, remained untranslated. In addition, the study proposes some theoretical-practical issues in the perspective of a model of translation-terminology of school contents from the official languages into the national languages of Cameroon, by laying the groundwork for an extensive socio-cultural terminological approach that would not only preserve the identity needs of each local community (hence the socio-cultural component of the model), but would also take into account the linguistic and cultural diversity of Cameroon characterised by the other idioms that evolve in this territory with the cultures they convey (hence the extensive character of the model). It is a non-essentialist model in its socio-cultural dimension, which promotes the multidialectal and multilingual character of the territory in translation-terminology activities by encouraging and highlighting the lexical variations that could arise from the different linguistic variants within a single language, as well as the calques and borrowings between Cameroonian languages; this with a view to increasing the possibilities of terminological development.]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Yves Julien , Manifi Abouh Maxime'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Ndibnu-Messina, Ethe Julia'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 21 No 1 (2022): Traduction et Langues Volume : 21 Numéro : 01 / Août 2022; 137-156]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2022-08-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/876/748]]> application/pdf]]> fra]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/876]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1.876]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Beitrag der Fachsprache zum Wortschatzlernen im DaF-Unterricht'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Deutsch]]> foreign languages]]> communication]]> specialists]]> fields]]> terminology]]> specialized language]]> Deutsch]]> foreign languages]]> communication]]> specialists]]> fields]]> terminology]]> specialized language]]> Contribution of Technical language to Vocabulary Learning in Deutsch Classes
Languages help the speaker in the process of communicating with others and also in understanding the content of the message addressed to interlocutors. The acquisition of language is very important in the processes of communication, speaking and expressing oneself, as it contains a system, which in turn contains a set of vocabulary. The basis of teaching foreign languages is not only communicating information to the student, but also on teaching vocabulary. The language of specialization or the language of terminology is considered a complex domain because it contains different fields. It plays an important role in learning foreign languages through its own terminology in each field. This work aims to clarify how these terms are presented when teaching the language of specialization. When the student learns the German language, his prime objective is to communicate with others, to speak about various fields for particular purposes. In direct communication, he uses special words and terms in various fields. Therefore, the acquisition of these terms is very important in the process of communicating with specialists. The purpose of the research paper consisted in showing how the technical language helps acquisition of technical vocabulary. This article gave an overview of the role of technical language in acquiring a lot of vocabulary or technical vocabulary. Students of Deutsch should be prepared for real interaction situations in any area with experts who speak the German language. At the end of their studies, they should be able, among other things, to present products, understand specialist subjects and communicate effectively in Deutsch.]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Benouddane, Ahmed'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 15 No 2 (2016): Traduction et Langues Volume: 15 Numéro: 02 / Décembre 2016; 55-63]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v15i2]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2016-12-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/687/569]]> application/pdf]]> deu]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/687]]> 10.52919/translang.v15i2.687]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Le projet Archaeo-Term : premiers résultats'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Archeology]]> cultural heritage]]> multilingualism]]> semantic web]]> terminological resources]]> thesaurus]]> The Project Archaeo-Term: Initial Results
This article aims at describing the objectives, the theoretical and methodological background, the development, and the first results of the Archaeo-Term project of the University of Naples "L'Orientale", Department of Literary, Linguistic and Comparative Studies. The Archaeo-Term project has been developed within the YourTermCULT project promoted by the Terminology Without Borders Project of the Terminology Coordination Unit (TermCoord) of the European Parliament - Directorate-General for Translation (DGT) specifically for collecting terminology in different aspects related to culture. The aim of the Archaeo-Term project is to enhance the access to the archaeological data in several formats and languages. It represents a common effort to contribute to the creation of linguistic and terminological resources for the domain of Cultural Heritage (CH) and, in particular, for the sub-domain of archaeology, which is notably highly complex and fragmented. One of the first results of the Archaeo-Term project is the creation of a multilingual terminological resource for the domain of archaeology, which can be conveniently employed in different Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, including Machine Translation (MT). The first version of the Archaeo-Term multilingual terminological resource is available in 5 languages: Italian, English, Spanish, German, and Dutch and is publicly accessible online. With the objective of promoting a common and shared termbase across different languages, the Archaeo-Term terminological resource is addressed not only to a specialized audience such as experts in the field of archaeology but also as terminological support for translators and interpreters during their professional practice, as well as for a more general audience. The terminological resource is the result of an extraction and aggregation process carried out starting from two already existing thesauri: the Italian "Thesaurus per la definizione dei reperti archeologici" developed by the Italian Central Institute for Catalogue and Documentation (Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione - ICCD) and the multilingual Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) developed by the Getty Research Institute, which is among the most trustworthy and accurate resources in the domain of Cultural Heritage. Taking advantage of the Semantic Web formalisms applied to these terminological resources, we are able to extract and merge information from the aforementioned thesauri using SPARQL queries. Indeed, we run different queries against the SPARQL endpoint to enrich our multilingual terminological resource by extracting useful information about the different terminological entries. The information extracted and merged from these thesauri by means of several consecutive queries is as follows: the equivalent terms in the foreseen languages, the alternative terms and the plural forms, the domains and sub-domains, the definitions of the terms, and their sources. Furthermore, the extraction phase has been followed by an evaluation step aimed at checking missing information, verifying and adjusting possible misalignments among entries, and setting potential future implementations. As an ongoing project, we are also planning to enlarge the terminological resource with equivalent terms in other languages such as French, Swedish, Polish, Russian, and Chinese, with the aim of extending the language coverage also to non- European languages which are usually under-represented and low-resourced. As a first implementation with regards to the first version of the terminological resource, we have currently collected: 1.059 entries in Italian, 1.055 in Spanish, 1.053 in English, 843 in Russian, 600 in Polish, 460 in German, 193 in French, and 82 in Chinese. To conclude, the Archaeo-Term project aims at promoting the creation of high-quality and trustworthy multilingual terminological resources for the domain of archaeology by also collaborating at the same time with institutions, experts in the field of terminology, linguistics, and cultural heritage.]]> The Project Archaeo-Term: Initial Results
This article aims at describing the objectives, the theoretical and methodological background, the development, and the first results of the Archaeo-Term project of the University of Naples "L'Orientale", Department of Literary, Linguistic and Comparative Studies. The Archaeo-Term project has been developed within the YourTermCULT project promoted by the Terminology Without Borders Project of the Terminology Coordination Unit (TermCoord) of the European Parliament - Directorate-General for Translation (DGT) specifically for collecting terminology in different aspects related to culture. The aim of the Archaeo-Term project is to enhance the access to the archaeological data in several formats and languages. It represents a common effort to contribute to the creation of linguistic and terminological resources for the domain of Cultural Heritage (CH) and, in particular, for the sub-domain of archaeology, which is notably highly complex and fragmented. One of the first results of the Archaeo-Term project is the creation of a multilingual terminological resource for the domain of archaeology, which can be conveniently employed in different Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, including Machine Translation (MT). The first version of the Archaeo-Term multilingual terminological resource is available in 5 languages: Italian, English, Spanish, German, and Dutch and is publicly accessible online. With the objective of promoting a common and shared termbase across different languages, the Archaeo-Term terminological resource is addressed not only to a specialized audience such as experts in the field of archaeology but also as terminological support for translators and interpreters during their professional practice, as well as for a more general audience. The terminological resource is the result of an extraction and aggregation process carried out starting from two already existing thesauri: the Italian "Thesaurus per la definizione dei reperti archeologici" developed by the Italian Central Institute for Catalogue and Documentation (Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione - ICCD) and the multilingual Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) developed by the Getty Research Institute, which is among the most trustworthy and accurate resources in the domain of Cultural Heritage. Taking advantage of the Semantic Web formalisms applied to these terminological resources, we are able to extract and merge information from the aforementioned thesauri using SPARQL queries. Indeed, we run different queries against the SPARQL endpoint to enrich our multilingual terminological resource by extracting useful information about the different terminological entries. The information extracted and merged from these thesauri by means of several consecutive queries is as follows: the equivalent terms in the foreseen languages, the alternative terms and the plural forms, the domains and sub-domains, the definitions of the terms, and their sources. Furthermore, the extraction phase has been followed by an evaluation step aimed at checking missing information, verifying and adjusting possible misalignments among entries, and setting potential future implementations. As an ongoing project, we are also planning to enlarge the terminological resource with equivalent terms in other languages such as French, Swedish, Polish, Russian, and Chinese, with the aim of extending the language coverage also to non- European languages which are usually under-represented and low-resourced. As a first implementation with regards to the first version of the terminological resource, we have currently collected: 1.059 entries in Italian, 1.055 in Spanish, 1.053 in English, 843 in Russian, 600 in Polish, 460 in German, 193 in French, and 82 in Chinese. To conclude, the Archaeo-Term project aims at promoting the creation of high-quality and trustworthy multilingual terminological resources for the domain of archaeology by also collaborating at the same time with institutions, experts in the field of terminology, linguistics, and cultural heritage.]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Monti, Johanna'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'di Buono , Maria Pia'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Speranza, Giulia'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Centrella, Maria'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'De Carlo , Andrea'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 21 No 1 (2022): Traduction et Langues Volume : 21 Numéro : 01 / Août 2022; 121-136]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2022-08-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/875/747]]> application/pdf]]> fra]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/875]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1.875]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'L’intrusion du Fantastique dans les Nouvelles Écritures Algériennes : le cas des romans de Djamel Mati'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Fantasy]]> human condition]]> lucubration]]> spatialities]]> transmutations]]> Entity of the Being]]> Fantasy]]> human condition]]> lucubrations]]> spatialities]]> transmutations]]> Entity of the Being]]> The intrusion of the Fantastic in the New Algerian Writings: the case of the novels of Djamel Mati
This contribution aims at questioning the way with which the Algerian Writer D. Mate introduces the fantastic in the diegetic universe inclined to the phantasmagorias of the tormented lucubration’s of the characters in quest of themselves. In this perspective, the Writer elaborates a new interactive and dynamic relationship between the moving and chimerical spatiality’s of "point B114" and the fantastic lucubration’s of atypical characters on the reading of "Sweet-sour, the lucubration’s of a tormented mind" and "It looks like the South". The researcher attempts to show how such dynamics is elaborated in the wake of a new Algerian writing of dreams and delirium, the liberation of forms and senses through a singular fantasy with innovative scriptural mechanisms to showtheir philosophical and ontological nature, consubstantial with the human condition. In conclusion, we will say that the fantastic is omnipresent in the phantasmagorical diegetic universe by the multiplication of hallucinatory, strange and inexplicable phenomena experienced by the tormented characters in search of themselves. However, Mati's scriptural aesthetic does not content itself with "threading" them in the narrative continuum: it draws eclecticly from other codes of the fantastic, ranging from the strange inexplicable to that of the disturbing Freudian strangeness to establish a sort of dismantling of time and space opening up to infinity in a supernatural dreamlike timelessness that escapes the classical spatio-temporal benchmarks (space, duration, dating). In Mati, the "raw" fantasy is not introduced into a world where enchantment goes without saying, it is the fruit of hallucinations, daydreams and dreamlike delusions of characters inclined to systematically consume sweet and sour pills and hookahs stuffed with Indian hemp. The intrusion of an eclectic and hybrid fantasy into a composite conglomeration of hallucinatory micro-narratives allows the expression of an existential malaise which the wandering characters seeks to circumscribe through strange and inexplicable experiences. Finally, the intrusion of a fantastic singular invades in an original and singular way the entire surface of the text through the excrescences of the hallucinatory dream, of the oneiric fabulation and refers implicitly to the impalpable ontological mystery which privileges the questioning of the human condition and the entity of being.]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Henni, Ahmed'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 15 No 2 (2016): Traduction et Langues Volume: 15 Numéro: 02 / Décembre 2016; 94-106]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v15i2]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2016-12-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/686/568]]> application/pdf]]> fra]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/686]]> 10.52919/translang.v15i2.686]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'L’Observatoire Européen du Plurilinguisme (OEP) Peut-on promouvoir la diversité linguistique de l’Europe à travers des Traducteurs Bénévoles?'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> English machine translation]]> noun phrase]]> romance languages]]> semantic ambiguity]]> syntactic ambiguity]]> The European Observatory for Plurilingualism Can we promote linguistic diversity in Europe through Volunteer Translators?
The question of plurilingualism is of very great topicality and richness. It may concern the issue of linguistic representativeness and go from language ideology to the different educational and linguistic practices, passing through the valorisation of lifelong learning in the fields of foreign language acquisition. Plurilingualism can also be a field of academic research, particularly in linguistics, language didactics and translation studies. It is also important to emphasize that the notoriety of the concept of plurilingualism is especially dependent on the actions of states. Indeed, the question of linguistic diversity - to be understood as the management of relations between languages - is fundamentally political in nature and for this very reason, it is at the heart of all state power strategies. As far as possible, with our study, we would like to contribute to the ongoing debate by drawing attention to the fact that to be better understood, the issue of plurilingualism requires the contribution of various actors. For this reason, our study proposes to address the case of the European Observatory of Plurilingualism. Our choice is based on the fact that this actor of the European scene allows to weld together the specificities of supranational institutions and those of social actors. Specifically, the promotion of plurilingualism is a crucial topic for European Observatory for Plurilingualism (EPO): a cooperation structure bringing together decision-makers, researchers and representatives of civil society committed to preserving the linguistic diversity and creativity of the European area. For the past eighteen years, the OEP has been promoting languages of the European Union by developing its activities along four lines: monitoring information, raising awareness among various audiences, pooling resources, and mediating in the decision-making processes of transnational political institutions. To do this, this actor of plurilingualism, on the one hand, uses textual typologies (the bimonthly newsletter, editorials and press releases) aimed at strategic communication and linguistic vigilance; on the other hand, it uses translation practices that are fundamentally multilingual. The latter are carried out by volunteer translators - figures halfway between professionalism and amateurism - who use a variety of translation approaches. Our article proposes to analyse the figure of the volunteer translator by examining his or her translations. The aim will be to show what communicative and editorial strategies are used; what influence the context has on the translational choices (in particular, the concept of "partial translation" will be discussed) and, finally, what status the translation has - especially in relation to civilisational and educational issues. To do this, we will use a mini corpus of texts whose enunciative, stylistic and discursive dimensions will be observed. In this direction, the study we propose to carry out will allow us to observe that for OEP translation is one of the pillars of its strategy in favour of plurilingualism and this by adopting a double approach. On the one hand, OEP volunteer translators translate press releases, editorials, and the newsletter (and/or website) into at least five languages. On the other hand, OEP sets itself the task of ensuring that translation is truly at the heart of the linguistic practices of the European institutions, and more specifically of the European Commission. In this sense, translation will be considered a necessary part of the discourse on multilingualism in the European institutions. In conclusion, we will argue that the practice of translation needs to be recast on new bases and new strategies (specific editorial and translational), in order to respond to the needs, especially of civic education, of a world that has become multipolar. In our opinion, the perspective put forward by the OEP and its volunteer translators goes precisely in the direction of a translating practice that is the reflex of the evolution of society and its new challenges. So, our approach to the OEP fundamentally multilingual writing practices will show how a paradigm shift is possible.]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Armentano, Nicoletta'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 21 No 1 (2022): Traduction et Langues Volume : 21 Numéro : 01 / Août 2022; 99-120]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2022-08-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/874/746]]> application/pdf]]> fra]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/874]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1.874]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Traitement de l’ambiguïté syntaxique et sémantique en TA neuronale : analyse de la traduction de l’anglais vers le français, l’espagnol et l’italien'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> English]]> machine translation]]> noun phrase]]> romance languages]]> semantic ambiguity]]> syntactic ambiguity]]> Syntactic and Semantic Ambiguity Processing in Neural MT from English to French, Spanish and Italian
Despite recent advances in artificial intelligence, human translators outperform MT for at least three types of tasks: identifying referents in anaphora (especially of the interphrastic kind), resolving semantic ambiguity (which is mainly due to polysemy or homonymy), and resolving syntactic ambiguity (especially with poorly inflected source languages such as English). Using the results obtained by two freely available online machine translation programs, Google Translate and DeepL, we examine how these two types of ambiguity are processed in translation from English into French, Spanish and Italian. Our results show that the two programs perform well overall in resolving the simplest cases of syntactic ambiguity, with difficulties arising more frequently for noun phrases featuring atypical syntactic divisions and rarely used collocations. MT output for ambiguous structures involving verb roots followed by the –ING morpheme (flying planes, growing pains) is studied, as well as syntactic structures in which two or more nouns are preceded by one or more adjectives. MT handles relatively well the longest of those structures (ADJ ADJ N N N N), probably because their subsets are part of the bilingual or target language monolingual corpora that underlie MT systems. Structures involving head modification and coordination (ADJ N AND N) are also known to pose problems for MT and human translators alike. But since many of the most frequent N AND N structures involve cohyponyms (men and women, brothers and sisters), antonyms (rights and duties, costs and benefits) or near- synonyms (aid and advice), their translation as a whole unit generally triggers the choice of correct syntact dependencies in translation. Structures in which the adjective only modifies the first noun (fresh air and exercise, social sciences and humanities) are much less frequent and are also probably translated as a whole unit. Structures involving premodification, coordination and post-modification may give rise to four distinct types of structures depending on whether long-range dependencies apply (detailed [knowledge and understanding] of the IT industry, [ethnic group] and [place of birth], invaluable [context and [source of information], [close friend] and confidant] of Mr Jones. Structures in which both long-range dependencies apply (integrated prevention and control of pollution) are the ones which most frequently cause errors for MT. Semantic ambiguity cases have been processed with increasing success by MT, especially when collocates vary widely for the main two meanings of homonyms (a well-known example is the word pen). Processing polysemy (for instance the medical use of conditions in pre-existing conditions) is a bit more of a challenge for MT. Other cases involving concentration of several polysemic terms in the same sentence (Changing the placement of beams relative to the staff involves changing the direction of the stems in the beam) also create difficulties for MT when the polysemic terms are used without any of their usual collocates (here in the specialised field of musical edition). Homonymy cases involving grammatical category changes (N-to-V or V-to-N conversion) seem to continue to pose the most difficulties to neural MT, despite increasing consideration of intra- and extraphrastic context. Potentially ambiguous word sequences (treatment increase in as the daily dose and duration of treatment increase), which were processed incorrectly before neuronal MT, are now correctly translated. But word sequences in which one word belongs to a part of speech which is not the most commonly used one (e.g. the noun remains in what remains can be considered) may cause occasional errors. Several examples that involve the verb founder are studied, and they frequently trigger translation of the noun in all three Romance languages (or translations of the verbs find or found due to incorrect segmentation).]]> Syntactic and Semantic Ambiguity Processing in Neural MT from English to French, Spanish and Italian
Despite recent advances in artificial intelligence, human translators outperform MT for at least three types of tasks: identifying referents in anaphora (especially of the interphrastic kind), resolving semantic ambiguity (which is mainly due to polysemy or homonymy), and resolving syntactic ambiguity (especially with poorly inflected source languages such as English). Using the results obtained by two freely available online machine translation programs, Google Translate and DeepL, we examine how these two types of ambiguity are processed in translation from English into French, Spanish and Italian. Our results show that the two programs perform well overall in resolving the simplest cases of syntactic ambiguity, with difficulties arising more frequently for noun phrases featuring atypical syntactic divisions and rarely used collocations. MT output for ambiguous structures involving verb roots followed by the –ING morpheme (flying planes, growing pains) is studied, as well as syntactic structures in which two or more nouns are preceded by one or more adjectives. MT handles relatively well the longest of those structures (ADJ ADJ N N N N), probably because their subsets are part of the bilingual or target language monolingual corpora that underlie MT systems. Structures involving head modification and coordination (ADJ N AND N) are also known to pose problems for MT and human translators alike. But since many of the most frequent N AND N structures involve cohyponyms (men and women, brothers and sisters), antonyms (rights and duties, costs and benefits) or near- synonyms (aid and advice), their translation as a whole unit generally triggers the choice of correct syntact dependencies in translation. Structures in which the adjective only modifies the first noun (fresh air and exercise, social sciences and humanities) are much less frequent and are also probably translated as a whole unit. Structures involving premodification, coordination and post-modification may give rise to four distinct types of structures depending on whether long-range dependencies apply (detailed [knowledge and understanding] of the IT industry, [ethnic group] and [place of birth], invaluable [context and [source of information], [close friend] and confidant] of Mr Jones. Structures in which both long-range dependencies apply (integrated prevention and control of pollution) are the ones which most frequently cause errors for MT. Semantic ambiguity cases have been processed with increasing success by MT, especially when collocates vary widely for the main two meanings of homonyms (a well-known example is the word pen). Processing polysemy (for instance the medical use of conditions in pre-existing conditions) is a bit more of a challenge for MT. Other cases involving concentration of several polysemic terms in the same sentence (Changing the placement of beams relative to the staff involves changing the direction of the stems in the beam) also create difficulties for MT when the polysemic terms are used without any of their usual collocates (here in the specialised field of musical edition). Homonymy cases involving grammatical category changes (N-to-V or V-to-N conversion) seem to continue to pose the most difficulties to neural MT, despite increasing consideration of intra- and extraphrastic context. Potentially ambiguous word sequences (treatment increase in as the daily dose and duration of treatment increase), which were processed incorrectly before neuronal MT, are now correctly translated. But word sequences in which one word belongs to a part of speech which is not the most commonly used one (e.g. the noun remains in what remains can be considered) may cause occasional errors. Several examples that involve the verb founder are studied, and they frequently trigger translation of the noun in all three Romance languages (or translations of the verbs find or found due to incorrect segmentation).]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Maniez, François'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 21 No 1 (2022): Traduction et Langues Volume : 21 Numéro : 01 / Août 2022; 10-27]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2022-08-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/872/742]]> application/pdf]]> fra]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/872]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1.872]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Die Generative Grammatik'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Generative Grammar]]> The Distributional Model]]> Performance]]> Competence]]> Deep Structure]]> Structure of Surface]]> The Different Phases of Generative Grammar]]> The Standard Theory]]> The Minimalist Theory]]> X-bar Theory]]> A First Overview of Syntagma]]> Maximum Projections]]> Intermediate and Minimum]]> End centric and eccentric constructions]]> X-Bar scheme]]> Generative grammar]]> the distributional model]]> performance]]> competence]]> deep structure]]> structure of Surface]]> the different phases of Generative Grammar]]> the standard theory]]> the minimalist theory]]> X-bar theoryna first overview of syntagma]]> maximum projections]]> intermediate and minimum]]> end centric and eccentric constructions]]> X-bar scheme]]> Generative Grammar
In this paper, the current version of generative syntax is treated in its various branches. Thereby, we try to explain the most important concepts of Chomsky like defining "competence", "performance", "surface structure" and "deep structure", then theories like "the standard theory" which introduces the syntax and "the X -Bar-Theory" will be discussed. All syntactic structures of all natural languages may be subject to common construction principles, can be set up parallel to previous generalizations of several rules. Furthermore, we will present the elucidation of generative semantics and the different phases of generative grammar. The most popular direction in linguistics at the moment is generative transformational grammar, the book "Syntactic structures", first published in 1957 by Chomsky. The GTT also had a major impact on the development of structural research in Germany. In the 1960s, numerous generative syntax representations of German and handbooks of transformational grammar for Germanists which applied Chomsky's grammar model to German were published. This article is directed to these theoretical issues with relevance to the German language.]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Bourouba, Karima'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 15 No 2 (2016): Traduction et Langues Volume: 15 Numéro: 02 / Décembre 2016; 172-185]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v15i2]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2016-12-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/685/567]]> application/pdf]]> deu]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/685]]> 10.52919/translang.v15i2.685]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Traduction d’unités polylexicales du portugais en français par MT@EC et eTranslation'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Ambiguity]]> corpora]]> domain coverage]]> neutral machine translation]]> phraseology]]> statistical machine translation]]> Translation of Multi-Word Units from Portuguese into French by MT@EC and eTranslation
This paper aims to determine the extent to which the shift from statistical machine translation (SMT) to neural machine translation (NMT) improved the performance of European Union machine translation systems between 2015 and 2021 in terms of multi-word unit translation and domain coverage. To do so, we chose to test these systems on machine translation into French of multi-word units expressing quantitative and qualitative progression in Portuguese from Portugal. These units consist of the 2-gram ‘cada vez’ and a comparative adjective or adverb (cada vez COMP), and their word-for-word translation into French is not idiomatic (*chaque fois COMP). The most frequent translation into French is ‘de COMP en COMP’. This implies that these multi-word units must be translated ‘en bloc’, but their identification is not straightforward. On the one hand, COMP is not fixed and may include one (mais / plus, menos / moins, maior / plus grand, menor / plus petit, melhor / meilleur – mieux, pior / pire – plus mal) or several words (mais or menos N, ADJ, ADV). On the other hand, the 2-gram ‘cada vez’ can be part of other multi-word units expressing iteration (de cada vez (que)/(à) chaque fois (que)), or ‘dropper’ ([a certain quantity] de cada vez/ à la fois), This raises the challenge of ambiguity, well known to biotranslators and still often problematic for NMT. Moreover, units expressing quantitative or qualitative progression may raise other translation challenges when they are coordinate (with or without repetition of the 2-gram ‘cada vez’), when they are split (cada vez (…) COMP), or when they combine with verbs or nouns to form extended translation units whose translation into French can result in a more concise solution we refer to as ‘lexicalisation’. We established a biotranslation model based on a manually aligned French-Portuguese parallel literary corpus and online searchable French-Portuguese aligned corpora (translation memories). We selected a sample of occurrences of these multi-word units including several translation challenges. These occurrences were selected from a Portuguese journalistic corpus. They belong therefore to general language, whereas the EU's translation memories cover the domains dealt with by its institutions, which represents an additional challenge, considering the critical importance of domain coverage in the data to NMT performance quality. The selected occurrences were translated into French by the EU SMT system in 2015 (MT@EC) and 2019 (eTranslation Legacy) and by eTranslation (the EU NMT system) in 2019 and 2021. Firstly, MT output was analysed according to two general criteria: ‘non- literality’, that is translation into French without ‘chaque’, and acceptability from a semantic point of view, that is MT output without any false meaning, opposite meaning or nonsense. Then we looked at specific challenges, some of which could lead to original solutions, worthy of a professional human translator, such as lexicalisation, change of grammatical category or ‘recategorisation’ and ‘naturalisation’, that is phraseological or syntactic rearrangement that makes the target text more idiomatic. The results show that MT is improving, especially according to the criterion of non-literality. Original solutions are still rare, but they are diversifying in NMT output. Nevertheless, NMT remains imperfect, not least because of the inherent ambiguity of natural languages and the inevitable gaps in the data on which these systems are based. The results also demonstrate the importance of human intervention in the maintenance of the systems learning automatically, since the quality of SMT system’s output decreases between 2015 and 2019, when all efforts were focused on improving EU NMT system. Finally, results reveal the dangers of using English as a pivot language when translating from one Romance language into another, and the need to train future translators in NMT and post-editing.]]> Translation of Multi-Word Units from Portuguese into French by MT@EC and eTranslation
This paper aims to determine the extent to which the shift from statistical machine translation (SMT) to neural machine translation (NMT) improved the performance of European Union machine translation systems between 2015 and 2021 in terms of multi-word unit translation and domain coverage. To do so, we chose to test these systems on machine translation into French of multi-word units expressing quantitative and qualitative progression in Portuguese from Portugal. These units consist of the 2-gram ‘cada vez’ and a comparative adjective or adverb (cada vez COMP), and their word-for-word translation into French is not idiomatic (*chaque fois COMP). The most frequent translation into French is ‘de COMP en COMP’. This implies that these multi-word units must be translated ‘en bloc’, but their identification is not straightforward. On the one hand, COMP is not fixed and may include one (mais / plus, menos / moins, maior / plus grand, menor / plus petit, melhor / meilleur – mieux, pior / pire – plus mal) or several words (mais or menos N, ADJ, ADV). On the other hand, the 2-gram ‘cada vez’ can be part of other multi-word units expressing iteration (de cada vez (que)/(à) chaque fois (que)), or ‘dropper’ ([a certain quantity] de cada vez/ à la fois), This raises the challenge of ambiguity, well known to biotranslators and still often problematic for NMT. Moreover, units expressing quantitative or qualitative progression may raise other translation challenges when they are coordinate (with or without repetition of the 2-gram ‘cada vez’), when they are split (cada vez (…) COMP), or when they combine with verbs or nouns to form extended translation units whose translation into French can result in a more concise solution we refer to as ‘lexicalisation’. We established a biotranslation model based on a manually aligned French-Portuguese parallel literary corpus and online searchable French-Portuguese aligned corpora (translation memories). We selected a sample of occurrences of these multi-word units including several translation challenges. These occurrences were selected from a Portuguese journalistic corpus. They belong therefore to general language, whereas the EU's translation memories cover the domains dealt with by its institutions, which represents an additional challenge, considering the critical importance of domain coverage in the data to NMT performance quality. The selected occurrences were translated into French by the EU SMT system in 2015 (MT@EC) and 2019 (eTranslation Legacy) and by eTranslation (the EU NMT system) in 2019 and 2021. Firstly, MT output was analysed according to two general criteria: ‘non- literality’, that is translation into French without ‘chaque’, and acceptability from a semantic point of view, that is MT output without any false meaning, opposite meaning or nonsense. Then we looked at specific challenges, some of which could lead to original solutions, worthy of a professional human translator, such as lexicalisation, change of grammatical category or ‘recategorisation’ and ‘naturalisation’, that is phraseological or syntactic rearrangement that makes the target text more idiomatic. The results show that MT is improving, especially according to the criterion of non-literality. Original solutions are still rare, but they are diversifying in NMT output. Nevertheless, NMT remains imperfect, not least because of the inherent ambiguity of natural languages and the inevitable gaps in the data on which these systems are based. The results also demonstrate the importance of human intervention in the maintenance of the systems learning automatically, since the quality of SMT system’s output decreases between 2015 and 2019, when all efforts were focused on improving EU NMT system. Finally, results reveal the dangers of using English as a pivot language when translating from one Romance language into another, and the need to train future translators in NMT and post-editing.]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Bacquelaine, Françoise'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 21 No 1 (2022): Traduction et Langues Volume : 21 Numéro : 01 / Août 2022; 56-76]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2022-08-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/871/744]]> application/pdf]]> fra]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/871]]> 10.52919/translang.v21i1.871]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Le Bilinguisme Franco-Arabe en Algérie'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> languages in contact]]> bilingualism]]> context]]> communication situation]]> borders]]> languages in contact]]> bilingualism]]> context]]> communication situation]]> borders]]> Franco-Arab Bilingualism in Algeria
The objective of this article is to give an overview on key historical moments that have implemented the two most used languages currently in Algeria, namely, Arabic and French. First, the Arab civilization implants and spreads with Islam. The French colonization spared no effort to impose its language to Algerians. The French language considered an effective means of war which will allow France to set up on Algerian territory according to the French Ministry of War. Then, scientists are stepping up to define the concept of ̋bilingualism” to better circumscribe the scope of research. Finally, can we say that there are two categories of bilingual in Algeria, compounds bilingual and coordinated bilingual. At the end of this article, we can say that the notion of bilingualism is a topical notion that deserves more interest. Indeed, Franco-Arab bilingualism in Algeria has its reasons because the Arab and the French have coexisted together for more than a century. It has become above all a language choice of the Algerian speaker. Also, there is no perfect bilingualism and it would be absurd to impose the notion of competence in both languages. The current situation in Algeria requires the speaker to use both linguistic codes. This is why we say that it is up to the speaker to choose the languages he best handles in his communication and that bilingualism is vital for Algerian speakers from the same socio-cultural background. As a conclusion, we would like to ask these questions which could open up other fields of research in the field of bilingualism: Could bilingualism be perceived as a translation process in Algeria? And Could bilingualism enhance the cognitive and linguistic flexibility of an early learner?]]> var options = { attributes: { rel: 'nofollow', title: 'click to open', }, className: '', format: { url: function (value) { return value } }, ignoreTags: ['a'], validate: { url: function (value) { return value; } } }; var str = 'Belazreg, Nassima'; document.write(linkifyHtml(str, options)); ]]> Traduction et Langues; Vol 15 No 2 (2016): Traduction et Langues Volume: 15 Numéro: 02 / Décembre 2016; 23-36]]> 2600-6235]]> 1112-3974]]> 10.52919/translang.v15i2]]> University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]> 2016-12-31]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/684/565]]> application/pdf]]> fra]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]> info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]> Peer-reviewed Article]]> https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/684]]> 10.52919/translang.v15i2.684]]>