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var str = 'Une Approche Linguistique pour l’Analyse, la Reconnaissance et la Traduction Automatiques des Verbes du Domaine Administratif et de Droit';
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]]>
administration and law field]]>
LVF]]>
machine translation]]>
nooJ]]>
abjects classes]]>
verbal polysemy]]>
A Linguistic Approach to The Analysis, Recognition and Automatic Translation of Administrative and Legal Verbs
Due to globalization and with the advent of the new digital era, economic, social, and mostly administrative sectors are now required to participate in the digitization and automation of data. This will make several tasks that were previously totally performed by humans easier. Hence, in this context, the present study investigated the application of machine translation (MT) in the administrative field. Using a semantic-syntactic approach and the French Verbs (LVF) dictionary by Jean Dubois and Françoise Dubois-Charlier, we analyzed the verbs used in the administration and legal fields. Following this initial theoretical stage, and using the NooJ platform, we deployed the acquired linguistic data for the construction of a French-Arabic machine translation application. To implement this application, we will design formal grammars for the automatic analysis and recognition of the many semantic-syntactic schemes defining this class of verbs, as well as a bilingual dictionary of legal and administrative verbs. The utmost objective of this research work is the achievement of an accurate and trustworthy translation. In the first theoretical part, we will identify the linguistic characteristics of the different verbs in the administrative and legal fields. At this first level of our approach, we will examine the syntactic constructions of these verbs and then, we will try to delimit the patterns or the distinctive semantic-syntactic schemes of the verbs used in a very specific discourse, which is the administrative discourse. In the second stage of automatic processing, we will try to create a computer process which can:
• Automatically analyze and recognize administrative verbs using the NooJ platform. • Properly translate the verbs studied in Arabic. For the creation of this MT process, the interest of which mainly concerns administrative documents, for social (divorce, inheritance, etc.) and even economic reasons, we will: a/ Integrate legal and administrative verbs into a bilingual French-Arabic electronic dictionary, describing them according to NooJ operators: inflection, conjugation, derivation and syntax operators, etc. In this step, we created: • Paraderivational.nof derivational paradigms. • “paraflexion.nof” bending paradigms. • “paradigmflexionnel.nof” conjugation paradigms • The syntactic formalization where we rewrote the syntactic schemes of the LVF. • The translation of each verbal entry into Arabic. Exp :
V+Emploi=01+AUX=AVOIR+FLX=CHANTER+CONS=T11b0+N0VN1PREPN2+N0Hum+V+N1Hum+N2Abst+N2Vinf+PREP="de"+DRV=AV1e : ARTISTE +DRV=AV2: COUSIN+DRV=DN15: DIRECTOR+DRV=DN15a: TABLE+DOM=DRO +CLASS=F2c+OPER="ict qn D offence"+LEXI=1+AR="َََّتَهَم
b/ Schematize the semantic-syntactic patterns by the formal grammars of NooJ, to automatically recognize the legal verbs used in an administrative corpus. The formal grammars used are called syntactic disambiguation grammars (Silberztein, Max 2015). In this phase, we produced disambiguation grammars that allowed us to analyze only the requested syntactic constructions. The disambiguation grammar is necessary and important, not only for the automatic analysis and recognition of the correct syntactic constructions, but also for producing a correct and reliable translation. c/ Create an automatic translation grammar that will allow us to obtain a suitable, reliable translation, which will respect the standards of the target language: Arabic. d/ Find solutions for the disambiguation of polysemic predicates using Gaston Gross's "object class" theory which allowed us to refine the recognition grammars and subsequently obtain encouraging results, where the verbs polysemous are suitably translated into Arabic. The originality of this study emanates from the fact that it provides, not only a linguistic description of the verbs of the administrative and legal domain, but especially of the integration of the various data in the NooJ software, in order to facilitate the treatment and the automatic translations of the two languages in question.]]>
A Linguistic Approach to The Analysis, Recognition and Automatic Translation of Administrative and Legal Verbs
Due to globalization and with the advent of the new digital era, economic, social, and mostly administrative sectors are now required to participate in the digitization and automation of data. This will make several tasks that were previously totally performed by humans easier. Hence, in this context, the present study investigated the application of machine translation (MT) in the administrative field. Using a semantic-syntactic approach and the French Verbs (LVF) dictionary by Jean Dubois and Françoise Dubois-Charlier, we analyzed the verbs used in the administration and legal fields. Following this initial theoretical stage, and using the NooJ platform, we deployed the acquired linguistic data for the construction of a French-Arabic machine translation application. To implement this application, we will design formal grammars for the automatic analysis and recognition of the many semantic-syntactic schemes defining this class of verbs, as well as a bilingual dictionary of legal and administrative verbs. The utmost objective of this research work is the achievement of an accurate and trustworthy translation. In the first theoretical part, we will identify the linguistic characteristics of the different verbs in the administrative and legal fields. At this first level of our approach, we will examine the syntactic constructions of these verbs and then, we will try to delimit the patterns or the distinctive semantic-syntactic schemes of the verbs used in a very specific discourse, which is the administrative discourse. In the second stage of automatic processing, we will try to create a computer process which can:
• Automatically analyze and recognize administrative verbs using the NooJ platform. • Properly translate the verbs studied in Arabic. For the creation of this MT process, the interest of which mainly concerns administrative documents, for social (divorce, inheritance, etc.) and even economic reasons, we will: a/ Integrate legal and administrative verbs into a bilingual French-Arabic electronic dictionary, describing them according to NooJ operators: inflection, conjugation, derivation and syntax operators, etc. In this step, we created: • Paraderivational.nof derivational paradigms. • “paraflexion.nof” bending paradigms. • “paradigmflexionnel.nof” conjugation paradigms • The syntactic formalization where we rewrote the syntactic schemes of the LVF. • The translation of each verbal entry into Arabic. Exp :
V+Emploi=01+AUX=AVOIR+FLX=CHANTER+CONS=T11b0+N0VN1PREPN2+N0Hum+V+N1Hum+N2Abst+N2Vinf+PREP="de"+DRV=AV1e : ARTISTE +DRV=AV2: COUSIN+DRV=DN15: DIRECTOR+DRV=DN15a: TABLE+DOM=DRO +CLASS=F2c+OPER="ict qn D offence"+LEXI=1+AR="َََّتَهَم
b/ Schematize the semantic-syntactic patterns by the formal grammars of NooJ, to automatically recognize the legal verbs used in an administrative corpus. The formal grammars used are called syntactic disambiguation grammars (Silberztein, Max 2015). In this phase, we produced disambiguation grammars that allowed us to analyze only the requested syntactic constructions. The disambiguation grammar is necessary and important, not only for the automatic analysis and recognition of the correct syntactic constructions, but also for producing a correct and reliable translation. c/ Create an automatic translation grammar that will allow us to obtain a suitable, reliable translation, which will respect the standards of the target language: Arabic. d/ Find solutions for the disambiguation of polysemic predicates using Gaston Gross's "object class" theory which allowed us to refine the recognition grammars and subsequently obtain encouraging results, where the verbs polysemous are suitably translated into Arabic. The originality of this study emanates from the fact that it provides, not only a linguistic description of the verbs of the administrative and legal domain, but especially of the integration of the various data in the NooJ software, in order to facilitate the treatment and the automatic translations of the two languages in question.]]>
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var str = 'Cheikhrouhou, Hajer';
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]]>
Traduction et Langues; Vol 21 No 1 (2022): Traduction et Langues Volume : 21 Numéro : 01 / Août 2022; 28-55]]>
2600-6235]]>
1112-3974]]>
10.52919/translang.v21i1]]>
University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]>
2022-08-31]]>
https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/870/743]]>
application/pdf]]>
fra]]>
info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]>
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]>
Peer-reviewed Article]]>
https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/870]]>
10.52919/translang.v21i1.870]]>
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var str = 'L’acte traductif : de la correspondance à l’équivalence';
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]]>
Correspondence]]>
equivalence]]>
lexical correspondence]]>
mental representation]]>
translation]]>
The act of translation: from correspondence to equivalence
Beyond the correspondences, the equivalences are central in the translation operation, they refer to a similar thought by designating the same object, this is an act of creativity. Correspondences are subject to repetition, being a fact of language. Translation concerns texts, its space, it is the speech where the words and sentences are enriched by the mental and emotional contribution of the readers. We then switch from lexical correspondence to mental representation which is part of a deverbalizing process, not translating a linguistic system, but imagining situations that the mind provides far from the original utterances, and taking into consideration the unsaid, the implicit, the signified. Translating is not then a reproduction of a text, but a production of a new text with a different form, considering the form of material, therefore not reproducible. This is why it is necessary to release the values, determine the effects of meaning and then look for correspondences, even equivalences between the two languages allowing the same effects to be created. The equivalences are the product of the creativity of the person working on the text, because beyond the word, the words produce the meaning that they bring to the surface, expressing the object and not the vehicle that designates it. It is a question of taking up the thoughts, even the emotions of an author, this form of otherness, this way of standing out from oneself and going towards this author.]]>
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var str = 'Zinaï, Djamel-Eddine';
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]]>
Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 149-152]]>
2600-6235]]>
1112-3974]]>
10.52919/translang.v10i2]]>
University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]>
2011-12-31]]>
https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/869/740]]>
application/pdf]]>
fra]]>
info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]>
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]>
Peer-reviewed Article]]>
https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/869]]>
10.52919/translang.v10i2.869]]>
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var str = 'Scoring academic writing from subjectivity to objectivity: A scale for evaluating students' written product';
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]]>
Academic]]>
writing]]>
scoring scale]]>
written product]]>
Due to the drawbacks of adopting any of the common scoring scales independently and in order to make the scoring process less subjective and more objective, the researcher thought of developing a rubric for evaluating students' written product. Some of the well-known scoring scales are time consuming, others mainly depend on the scorer's impression which is not always accurate. The researcher here made a hybrid of both the holistic and analytic scoring scales and developed it to suit academic writing. The rubric was refereed by a group of specialists who assured its validity. Content validity and internal consistency were also calculated. To test the suitability of this scoring rubric for the purpose it was designed for, a stratified random sample of 30 essays was selected from a corpus of N=120 essays written by Palestinian tertiary level students majoring in English in the academic year 2009/ 2010. Pearson correlation and Alpha scale were used in order to assure the reliability of the scale. The Scoring scale follows a taxonomy in which errors experienced in the subjects' writings are divided into three major categories: errors related to conventions, content development and style. Each category includes a number of subcategories; for instance, conventions include writing mechanics and grammar and vocabulary common errors; each of which is scored out of 25. In addition, content development includes cohesion and coherence, which are scored out of 20 marks and 15 marks respectively and finally style and cogency are marked out of 15 marks only.]]>
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var str = 'Abu Shawish, Jaber';
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]]>
Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 136-148]]>
2600-6235]]>
1112-3974]]>
10.52919/translang.v10i2]]>
University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]>
2011-12-31]]>
https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/868/739]]>
application/pdf]]>
eng]]>
info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]>
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]>
Peer-reviewed Article]]>
https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/868]]>
10.52919/translang.v10i2.868]]>
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var str = 'Wie transparent sind unsere Evaluationskriterien?';
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]]>
assessment]]>
criteria]]>
evaluation]]>
German as a foreign language]]>
learning teaching]]>
How transparent are our evaluation criteria?
The evaluation of foreign language skills and abilities with the help of formal procedures is of little importance in Algeria, but also in many European countries. The evaluation procedures that are carried out in university foreign language lessons or German as a foreign language lessons in Algeria and many other countries often do not allow a comparison of foreign language competence that goes beyond the respective learning context. Grades are often awarded on the basis of criteria that are not very transparent and depend on the type of teacher or on the teacher's experience and training. This situation has made it difficult for the potential employer to develop a reasonably reliable assessment of the skills and abilities of the German as a foreign language applicant based on the certificates presented. The so-called pedagogical coordination committee of the "Linguistics and German as a foreign language Didactics" course has been trying for years to achieve more transparency and comparability in the assessment of language competence. In 2001, the Council of Europe developed the so-called European reference framework for learning, studying and assessing foreign languages in a European context for the first time. Both the theoretical discussion and the development of procedures for third-party and evaluation procedures are increasingly influenced by this. This article attempts to give German language teachers in the German departments of Algerian and foreign universities the opportunity to get their own impression of the latest developments in the field of evaluation procedures. Above all, this analysis outlines the area of tension within which a German as a foreign language teacher moves who has to determine the level of performance of his students and evaluate them as objectively as possible. My main concern is to pursue the question of what modern evaluation research offers in terms of findings and instruments. The type of examination and testing depends on the subject matter, the learning group, the learning objective and the purpose of the evaluation. The evaluation also provides statements about the effectiveness of the teaching and thus serves to improve teaching and learning. The greatest care is required when selecting the instruments for measuring performance, their structure and content and, above all, when it comes to the evaluation criteria to be applied and the evaluation. It can only be decided on a case-by-case basis the extent to which the measuring instruments are suitable and meet quality requirements. The measurement of oral performance can be positively or negatively influenced by a number of rational and irrational factors in its implementation and evaluation, both on the part of the examinee and the examiner.]]>
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var str = 'Seddiki, Aoussine';
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]]>
Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 152-160]]>
2600-6235]]>
1112-3974]]>
10.52919/translang.v10i2]]>
University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]>
2011-12-31]]>
https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/867/738]]>
application/pdf]]>
deu]]>
info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]>
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]>
Peer-reviewed Article]]>
https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/867]]>
10.52919/translang.v10i2.867]]>
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var str = 'Segmentation et Identification du mot en Allemand et Arabe';
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]]>
Linguistic unit]]>
morpheme]]>
word]]>
Segmentation and Word Identification in German and Arabic
The difficulty in instituting the word as an operational concept has led many linguists to prefer other concepts designated by the terms of: syntagm, lexie or syntheme, the latter two being the most frequent with this value. If there are languages where the word can easily be defined as an independent and indivisible unit, there are others, according to Vendryes, where it merges in some way into the body of the sentence, where one does not can truly define it only on condition of including a mass of varied elements. On the other hand, he sees in the ancient Semitic and Indo-European languages a relatively unified word concept having a full autonomy. It manifests itself in various characteristic phonetic treatments, that for example of the final slices, or in the delicate game of the swinging of the accent. The word carries in itself the sign of its use and the expression of its morphological value; it is of a fullness that leaves nothing to be desired. The word still remains essential in all languages even if it seems to have been abandoned in favor of a smaller linguistic unit: the morpheme.]]>
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var str = 'Lachachi, Djamel Eddine';
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]]>
Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 89-101]]>
2600-6235]]>
1112-3974]]>
10.52919/translang.v10i2]]>
University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]>
2011-12-31]]>
https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/865/734]]>
application/pdf]]>
fra]]>
info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]>
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]>
Peer-reviewed Article]]>
https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/865]]>
10.52919/translang.v10i2.865]]>
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var str = 'Matrix-Language Approaches to Classic Code-Switching: the MLF and 4-M models under scrutiny';
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]]>
Grammatical aspects]]>
code-switching]]>
typologically]]>
socio-pragmatic]]>
Myers-Scotton]]>
MLF approach]]>
Code switching is a phenomenon present in contexts where speakers use more than one variety. It is interesting for sociolinguistic studies to inquire into this behaviour and see whether it is an accidental behaviour or it follows certain rules and constraints. This paper aims to offer some of these grammatical aspects of code-switching observed in an Algerian context, mainly in the speech of bilingual speakers at university. Our prime objective is to explain the different manifestations of the formal properties of two typologically different codes; Algerian Arabic and French and their implications in shaping the syntactic/pragmatic structures in mixed codes. Then, our aim is not to attribute each switch a function since our frame of reference is not functional but we try to explain the ‘how’ and ‘why’ questions differently. The centre of our interest is the socio-pragmatic reality of syntactic constituents in bilingual speech. The analysis of our AA/Fr CS and MSA/AA code-switched data is based on Myers-Scotton’s MLF and its supportive models. In the MLF approach, there is always an asymmetry between the languages involved in CS. One of the major shortcomings of the MLF model discussed in the literature is the inadequacy of the notion of the CP as a unit of analysis. Reducing the matrix language to a property of a CP restricts the constraints on code-switching into purely structural limitations and therefore ignores other determining factors in shaping code- switched sentence patterns, be they socio-linguistic or psycho-linguistic.]]>
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var str = 'Ouahmiche, Ghania';
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]]>
Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 123-135]]>
2600-6235]]>
1112-3974]]>
10.52919/translang.v10i2]]>
University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]>
2011-12-31]]>
https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/864/737]]>
application/pdf]]>
eng]]>
info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]>
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]>
Peer-reviewed Article]]>
https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/864]]>
10.52919/translang.v10i2.864]]>
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var str = 'Frauenbilder in der Liebeslyrik Bertolt Brechts und Nizar Qabbanis';
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]]>
the image of women]]>
love poetry]]>
B. Brecht and N. Qabbani]]>
the creation of feminine patterns]]>
female reality]]>
Images of women in the love poetry of Bertolt Brecht and Nizar Qabbani
The aim of this article is to scientifically and precisely examine the image of women in the language of B. Brecht and N. Qabbani's love poetry, which would allow to identify their similarities and differences. Ultimately, an attempt is made here to identify the cultural parallels between B. Brecht's and N. Qabbani's love poetry, which depicts women. In order to ensure this accuracy in the context of the present contribution and at the same time to present the diversity of the imagination of the female, it is necessary to examine individual images and motives to begin. This contribution aims to analyze the pictorial vocabulary used by Qabbani and Brecht to represent the feminine. At the same time, it is clarified how both poets proceed in the design of feminine patterns using the example of mother, lover and wife, i.e. how they "condense" the found female reality.]]>
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var str = 'Mokadem, Fatima';
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]]>
Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 109-122]]>
2600-6235]]>
1112-3974]]>
10.52919/translang.v10i2]]>
University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]>
2011-12-31]]>
https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/863/736]]>
application/pdf]]>
deu]]>
info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]>
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]>
Peer-reviewed Article]]>
https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/863]]>
10.52919/translang.v10i2.863]]>
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var str = 'Some Preliminary Observations on Processes of semantic borrowing in the Kabyle and Mzabi minorities of Oran';
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]]>
semantic borrowing]]>
cultural borrowing]]>
calques]]>
neologism]]>
Kabyle and Mzab minorities]]>
It is inevitable to do without borrowing in bilingual contexts. This phenomenon is more accentuated in contexts where there are bilingual situations involving minority languages. Algeria in general and Oran in particular are interesting sociolinguistic contexts to study the phenomenon of borrowing within minority groups. The present paper makes some preliminary observations on borrowing as it is displayed by members of the Kabyle and Mzabi minorities of Oran. We will be concentrating on the processes of semantic borrowing in the speech of these speakers. This type of borrowing is characteristic of contact situations and particularly those involving minority groups whose language or language varieties are influenced by the language or languages of the majority speakers in one way or another. We will tackle different types of semantic borrowing such as cultural borrowing, calques, and neologisms. The semantic borrowings that are the most recurrent in the data are the ones involving cultural borrowings and calques. Many semantic borrowings are in fact idiomatic expressions that are used by the Algerian Arabic majority speakers of Oran. The Berber minority groups seem to display a process of semantic alteration and extension. Some semantic extensions have in fact integrated new meanings that are not present in the guest language.]]>
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var str = 'Benhattab, Abdelakder Lofti';
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]]>
Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 102-108]]>
2600-6235]]>
1112-3974]]>
10.52919/translang.v10i2]]>
University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]>
2011-12-31]]>
https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/862/735]]>
application/pdf]]>
eng]]>
info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]>
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]>
Peer-reviewed Article]]>
https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/862]]>
10.52919/translang.v10i2.862]]>
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var str = 'L’emprunt lexical et la recomposition sémantique Nomination et Production du Sens : le cas du transfert de l’arabe au français';
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]]>
denomination]]>
Discursive stereotype]]>
loan]]>
praxematics]]>
prototypicality]]>
Lexical borrowing and semantic recomposition Nomination and Production of Meaning: the case of transfer from Arabic to French
Intrusion for the purposes of exploitation and settlement, colonization most often leads to tension and violence when the coveted lands are inhabited; the conquest is then prolonged by a territorial appropriation carried out under duress. In the texts of the discursive formation relating to Algeria, the stories of such a story tell in a polemical way the confrontation of the space of some with that of others. The study of the mobilized vocabulary, borrowings from French to Arabic in particular, shows that the words are not the lexemes which would find their value in the immanence of the closed system of the language. The present paper aims at showing how the borrowing of the word casbah from French to Arabic, in the precise circumstances of the capture of Algiers, lost part of its original content to take on the perception that the colonizers had of the place. Moreover, there is the observation of values linked to the transformation of the casbah into a reserved area and linked, more broadly, to the colonial context. Studies of meaning, at the lexical level as well as at the discursive level, show that the problematic of the praxeme leads to replacing the identification of differential semes with the understanding of the processes of which they are the result, and in which the experiences of the world which govern.]]>
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var str = 'Benmostefa Harig, Fatima Zohra';
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]]>
Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 76-88]]>
2600-6235]]>
1112-3974]]>
10.52919/translang.v10i2]]>
University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]>
2011-12-31]]>
https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/861/733]]>
application/pdf]]>
fra]]>
info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]>
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]>
Peer-reviewed Article]]>
https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/861]]>
10.52919/translang.v10i2.861]]>
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var str = 'Типы речевого поведения собеседников в диалогической речи на иностранном русском языке';
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]]>
Communication]]>
dialogue]]>
interlocutors]]>
monologue]]>
speech]]>
Types of speech behavior of interlocutors in dialogic speeches in Russian as a foreign language
Dialogic speech is a process of interaction of multidirectional mental systems, the mode of speech functioning of which is determined by the general conditions of communication. The interaction of these can influence the communication process itself, for example, stimulate it or slow it down. Any conversation can consider a series of types of linguistic behaviour which together constitute a text, that is to say a dialogue produced collectively in a given context and situation. In this perspective, our analysis will consist in identifying not only syntactic and semantic sequence rules, but also psycholinguistic mechanisms in the context of learning a foreign language. The mechanism of generating speech in the form of initiative and reactive remarks has certain differences. These differences are primarily due to the different degree of severity of their motivation, as well as the formulating phases of generating a speech statement.]]>
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var str = 'Guenniche, Fatiha';
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]]>
Traduction et Langues; Vol 10 No 2 (2011): Traduction et Langues Volume 10: Numéro: 2/ Décembre 2011; 70-75]]>
2600-6235]]>
1112-3974]]>
10.52919/translang.v10i2]]>
University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed]]>
2011-12-31]]>
https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/860/732]]>
application/pdf]]>
rus]]>
info:eu-repo/semantics/article]]>
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion]]>
Peer-reviewed Article]]>
https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/860]]>
10.52919/translang.v10i2.860]]>