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                <text>Djebaili, Walida</text>
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                <text>This article sheds light on an important period in the history of Ghana in the 1980’s, when the country was ruled by the Provisional National Defense Council (PNDC) of Jerry John Rawlings. Since 1966, the country witnessed a succession of political upheavals which plunged its economy into a severe crisis. When Rawlings took the reins of power after a military takeover on 31 December 1981, he found no other alternative than the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank to get the country from the crisis. These proposed a scheme that required a set of austerity measures of which many in the Ghanaian political class did not approve. The economic reconstruction programme imposed a drastic devaluation of the national currency and a significant curtailment of the state’s role in economy. This inevitably led to a substantial suppression of state subsidy on many necessary items. The situation was hard for Ghanaians but Rawlings finally triumphed to secure the necessary popular support to carry the scheme through, and to greatly stabilize the national economy and save it country from a total collapse.</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 14 No 2 (2015): Traduction et Langues Volume: 14 Numéro: 02 / Décembre 2015; 16-29</text>
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                <text>The IMF and the World Bank in Ghana in the 1980’s  Which solutions to the economic depression?</text>
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                <text>Rish-Naw  , Mutach Yav</text>
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                <text>Urban sprawl and occupation of space in Kinshasa
The increase in population is the basis of the sprawl of the city of Kinshasa with the consequent creation of spaces for new housing. Unfortunately, this occupation of the land by the population is done in an anarchic, disorderly manner and without reference to any urban or environmental plan, because the population precedes the State in the occupation of the land and the latter only legalizes this occupation. regardless of housing requirements. Hence the concern to identify the actors at the base of the creation of new living spaces and to propose a better integration of new living places. While insisting on the fact that there is a mismatch between the practice on the ground relating to land management and what the legislation in force in the field provides. The close link between urban sprawl and the occupation of space is highlighted here, especially since in Kinshasa it is the realities that are not maintained and evolving in absolute disorder following the actors involved on the margins of the law on the management of land under the helpless eye of the authority thus leading to multiple harmful consequences.</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 16 No 1 (2017): Traduction et Langues Volume: 16 Numéro: 01 / Août 2017; 175-182</text>
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                <text>L’étalement urbain et occupation de l’espace à  Kinshasa</text>
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                <text>Tafzi, Hassane</text>
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                <text>Cognitive Linguistics
Cognitive Linguistics, a research field of interdisciplinary cognitive science and meanwhile one of the most influential approaches in language theory. This article explains the basic assumptions, methods and objectives of cognitive linguistics in a comprehensible form, illustrated by representative examples from different areas of cognitively- oriented language research. In fact, this article deals with the question of cognitive linguistics and the entirety of all processes related to perception and recognition, and how language is stored and processed. It touches upon different issues discussed in the literature, namely how storage Works, what t arguments for assuming that the language system is developed on the basis of innate cognitive dispositions as well as the cognitive prerequisites for language acquisition. The subject of research is therefore the "inner" processes of humans: the way in which interlocuttors process, understand and remember information. Language processing cannot be viewed as isolated functions. It also highly dependent on cognitive mechanisms. Language and thinking are not always easy to de dissociated because there is often a close relationship. This article discusses the ways a efective learning takes place successfully in the cognitivistic sense, as well as the rules of information processing to be observed in accordance with the learning content prepared accordingly.</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 14 No 2 (2015): Traduction et Langues Volume: 14 Numéro: 02 / Décembre 2015; 132-137</text>
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                <text>El Khazri, Abdelghafour</text>
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                <text>Analysis of linguistic and iconic signs in advertisements: A semiotic approach
The advertising discourse aims by various means to convince the audience by an argumentative discursive. It does not simply list the qualities of the product, but creates new values and needs and guides perceptions and tastes in a highly competitive environment. The brand anchored its visual identity in the memory of the receiver through linguistic and iconic signs. Useful advertising exploits the common concerns of consumers, including ageing, the vicissitudes of time, the desire to remain young, etc. Advertisers do not put a product on the market to be sold, but rather seek to resurrect a latent energy, invisible stereotypical images. The main objective of the marketer is to appeal to the unconscious, psychological and cognitive specificities, and lifestyles according to the target's expectations. The brand image and its advertising slogans play a crucial role in the consumer's behavior and attitude towards products and change buying habits. The sender goes beyond the exploitation of socio-cultural data, creating a new culture or even trying to give another identity to the society. The advertising spot does not only focus on the object itself, but also seek to getting rid of the utilitarian side of the product, but to give him an iconic and aesthetic dimension. Brands take advantage of the consumer trend by targeting the unconscious of the receiver through his social status to positively influence purchasing behavior.</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 16 No 1 (2017): Traduction et Langues Volume: 16 Numéro: 01 / Août 2017; 183-195</text>
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                <text>advertising discourse</text>
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                <text>ads</text>
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                <text>brand</text>
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                <text>Analyse des signes linguistiques et iconiques des annonces publicitaires : approche sémiotique</text>
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                <text>Frakis, M'hamed</text>
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                <text>Voice Search in Ancient Arabic studies
The sound has its impact on language because of its greatest communicative and understanding phenomena. Ancient peoples paid attention to sounds. The Indians were interested in describing sounds to preserve the correct pronunciation of religious sentences, and the Greeks took great care of language, especially sounds. As for the Greeks, they studied their language phonetically, so linguistic studies became part of their philosophical thinking. As for the phonetic search among the Arabs, it was characterized by accuracy, and this is what the people of the West witnessed for this superiority. The Holy Qur’an was a basic and direct starting point for three groups of studies: linguistic, rhetorical, and Quranic studies. Therefore, the signs of audio studies appeared in varying proportions in each of these three studies. Perhaps the first to consider the connection of the phonemic lesson with linguistic, morphological and grammatical studies is Al-Khalil, who built the arrangement of sounds on a logical basis, and came out with an eye dictionary, to be, rightly, the owner of this science, and its first pioneer. Then his student Sibawayh followed him, following in the footsteps of his teacher, and added to this science what testifies to him of his precedence in it, and the scholars of grammar and reading after him followed his doctrine. Then he took on the burdens of the linguistic voice after Al-Khalil the linguistic Ibn Jinni, bypassing the stage of construction and foundation to the stage of rooting, and exposed to sound issues in his two books: The Secret of the Syntax Industry, and Characteristics in Very Accurate Research.</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 14 No 2 (2015): Traduction et Langues Volume: 14 Numéro: 02 / Décembre 2015; 223-233</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="323915">
                <text>2600-6235</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="323916">
                <text>1112-3974</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="323917">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v14i2</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="323918">
                <text>Genesis of Phonetics</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="323920">
                <text>the language of the Qur'an</text>
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                <text>phonetic thought</text>
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                <text>heritage</text>
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                <text>culture</text>
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                <text>Genesis of phonetics</text>
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                <text>the language of the Qur’an</text>
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                <text>phonetic thought</text>
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                <text>البحث الصوتيّ في الدّراسات العربية القديمة</text>
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                <text>Olayinka, Eyiwumi Bolutito</text>
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                <text>Ayeleru, Babatunde</text>
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                <text>Young Idioms/Speech as marker of the era and collective identity
Language is part of culture in every human society. Even animals have their own languages which distinguish them from each other. Because of this status of language, it is endowed with the attributes of symbolic practices with which man identifies himself and ensures his belonging to a specific group. French-speaking African countries are by their diglossic character, given that they give way to the French language as a second language and administrative language although each of these societies retain their mother tongues. This is the case for all colonized states. In this language matrix, we notice the tendency of the deliberate infiltration of Anglicism, code switching, code mixing, tics and economy of words, gestures and time (Céline Bouillaud et al. 2007) for young people. The contemporary French-speaking African novel makes readers aware of this phenomenon. This can be seen in the story Cruel loves, guilty beauty (2013) by Rabia Diallo, a young Senegalese-Moroccan novelist. This highlights that as the neologism is discovered, young dialects are not trivial. They will forever influence sociolinguistic interest and, so to speak, are both generation markers and youth group identity markers. Of course, the languages spoken have their different levels of stratification in each society, so it is a normal and healthy phenomenon that continues from generation to generation. However, seeing these language tendencies of young people in the rubric of the collective unconscious of the Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung, this communication will engage to see how the collective unconscious of young people works in the manufacture of young people's speech to become at the same time an agent of unification, identification and belonging to groups of young people.</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/627</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 16 No 1 (2017): Traduction et Langues Volume: 16 Numéro: 01 / Août 2017; 148-163</text>
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                <text>youngster's speech</text>
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                <text>the collective unconscious</text>
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                <text>Les idiomes/parlers jeunes comme marqueur d’époque  et d’identité collective</text>
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                <text>The Use of blackboard and chalkboard in Deutsch lessons at The University of Oran2
The blackboard remains the most important medium not only at school, but also at university, it is available in every classroom, it is and will always remain the only teaching tool that is available in all classrooms and ist use for teaching forign languages is rather inevitable. The blackboard and chalk have their importance in Deutsch lessons and their topicality at Oran2 University and at this point it was shown through this paper that studenst and teachers still make use of the blackboard and chalk although other reactions have been noticed, namely the appeal to the new technology as a medium for Deutsch instruction. The main question was for all those learning a foreign language, in particular those teaching Deutsch at Oran2 university. Apart from teaching books, what type of medium do you refer to in your classes, and for each medium, how do you use it? The results of these questioning showed that the chalkboard is the most popular method and an effective teaching tool for learning the German language because it encourages the students to get involved in the teaching/learning process and promote their motivation. This allows for the exchange of ideas and information and creates a good climate for learning. The learners can thereby consolidate their knowledge, although they have different problems, like Chalk dust, etc. As such, the chalk board was considered as an optional for teacher.and in order to support the achievement of the learning objective with this medium, the students must be familiar with it.</text>
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                <text>Einsatz von Wandtafel und Kreide im DaF-Unterricht an Universität Oran2</text>
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                <text>Cyberanthropology, the self on the Internet
The Cyberanthropology or the anthropology of cyberculture is the study of human beings-machine relation and the relation among human beings, in a cyberspace free from any physical presence and whose contents are changing and unstable. We could have, as a result of the human being-machine relation, a varied and multiple self, representing by that a postmodern era in which the person would face a fragmentation of both individual and collective identity. This research showed that Cyberanthropology does not present itself as a completely new discipline. but it has its own fields of ethnographic studies which are characterized by the appearance of a new notion; that of cyberculture. The varied studies of cyberculture revealed that the discipline of cyberanthropology, with its particular methods and concepts, tries to highlight the dynamic spaces of socio-cultural interactions on the Web. Through these spaces, anthropologists examine phenomena previously known in the so-called classical discipline of anthropology, gender, social belonging, religion and the consumption of information and communication technologies (ICT), all these aspects characterize the real life of human beings (the offline lives) and on which individuals rely when connecting to a virtual universe. So we could say that cyberanthropology has taken a more or less global look at our behavior online. By referring to our previous experiences, to our social belonging and to our preferences that we perform in real life, the anthropologist-or rather the cyberanthrpologist-highlights the importance of a cyberculture which could be complementary or quite contradictory to a real culture in our offline experience. In other words, cyberanthropology, or the anthropology of cyberculture, works in a holistic and open way while taking into consideration several aspects of human life. If anthropology studies the difference or the distinction between the local vs. international or the individual vs. the global, cyberanthropology, or the anthropology of cyberculture, gives anthropology the chance for the latter to renew itself, without 'it reaches a premature closure of the lines of research that are limited only to the self and the other.</text>
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                <text>Multilingualism, Plurilingualism and Creativity in Teaching Phonetics in Algeria
Multilingualism and plurilingualism are two complex subject areas. Also, creativity in the pronunciation course remains very desirable for teachers, which means, in my opinion, being active, using new methods and procedures. In this article, I consciously draw attention to some reflections on multilingualism, plurilingualism and the status of phonetics in Algeria. I raised a number of issues relevant to the challenges, drawbacks and future perspectives such as creative procedures and efficient methods both for pronunciation courses and for teaching and learning German pronunciation, especially in a multilingual country like Algeria. Through this research I arrived at diverse conclusions, among which the necessity to the appeal to practice creative pronunciation exercises and a balanced relationship as well as the need to vary all social forms in teaching Deutsch classroom situations. Moreover, it can be stated that the lack of a specialized, targeted Deutsch textbook for teaching and practicing German pronunciation and the insufficient schedule allotted to the phonetics unit according to the ministerial university curricula of the classic and LMD system remain major problems in Algeria. All of these components could hinder communication among students of Deutsch in Algeria.</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 14 No 2 (2015): Traduction et Langues Volume: 14 Numéro: 02 / Décembre 2015; 175-184</text>
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                <text>Mehrsprachigkeit, Plurilingualismus und Kreativität  beim Lehren des Phonetikunterrichts in Algerien</text>
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                <text>Gender relations are enacted in the day-to-day lived experiences of men and women. Mundane practices such as talks and jokes may not only reflect the prevailing gender relations in society, but may also offer opportunities to contest them. Stand-up comedy, as a genre of comedy, is especially suitable in this regard because it is discursive in nature. Stand-up comedians achieve their aim of entertaining and exciting laughter often through gendered manipulations of language — hence, the genre of stand-up comedy offers a veritable site for investigating dominant gender representations in Nigeria. This study seeks to argue that rhetorical strategies are a chief means by which stand-up comedians succeed in their various representations of women and men, and by so doing implicate rhetoric in gender relations of power, as contested in the Nigerian context of stand-up comedy. The data for the study comprise nine selected volumes of two stand-up comedy shows in Nigeria, Nite of a Thousand Laughs and AY Live, which are analysed to examine the rhetorical strategies employed by Nigerian male stand-up comedians in their gendered performances.</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 16 No 1 (2017): Traduction et Langues Volume: 16 Numéro: 01 / Août 2017; 46-61</text>
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