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                <text>The present paper attempts to synthesize the United States policymakers’ decisions on the course of the second half of the 1940s. Personal judgements and bureaucratic agency converged to give birth to a latent but emerging confrontation with the former Soviet Union. The international system shifted to become bipolar and the two superpowers' behaviors became more antagonistic. This paper emphasizes the American perspective of the rising confrontation, and the fateful United States' decision-makers' view of the situation during that period.</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 17 No 2 (2018): Traduction et Langues Volume: 17 Numéro : 02 / Décembre 2018; 32-38</text>
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                <text>US Domestic Agency in the Early Cold War Foreign  Policy, 1945-1950</text>
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                <text>Information and Communications Technologies between Representations and Reality
The Algerian university is undergoing major changes as a result of the continuous change in the training offers provided by the new LMD teaching system. This research focuses on the importance of Information and Communication Technologies within the Algerian university, represented for the purposes of our study by the field of foreign languages. It also interrogates about our students' representations of these technologies and how they can best benefit from these new learning tools. This is why a questionnaire survey was conducted in several universities across the country and involved students from French departments to try to have a global vision of the use of these technologies in language training.</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 17 No 2 (2018): Traduction et Langues Volume: 17 Numéro : 02 / Décembre 2018; 102-113</text>
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                <text>Les Technologies de l’Information et de la  Communication entre Représentations et Réalité</text>
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                <text>Chaal, Houaria</text>
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                <text>The Mental Process in Simultaneous Interpreting
Simultaneous interpreting is one of the most difficult tasks. It requires great intellectual and psychological efforts. It also necessitates important skills, and a long translation experience, depending on good linguistic and extralinguistic competencies. Moreover, it is an intellectual and creative activity against nature as it combines both listening and speaking, requiring a mental process in order to establish a communication. This translating kind is the focal point of communication whenever nationalities differ and languages vary. Simultaneous interpreting, especially conference interpreting, is a complex process which is based on listening, understanding, analyzing and memorizing to convey the message in a few seconds, following integrated and continuous stages. Listening comes on the head of these phases, and it is the main link within the interpreting process. However, its concept overlaps with hearing and receiving. Accordingly, listening based on good hearing and intensive attention is considered the basis for ensuring a successful transfer. Therefore, good performance requires good listening.</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 17 No 2 (2018): Traduction et Langues Volume: 17 Numéro : 02 / Décembre 2018; 132-149</text>
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                <text>Interpreter</text>
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                <text>خارطة العمليات العقلية الخاصة بالترجمة الفورية</text>
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                <text>Chaira, Farid</text>
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                <text>The present paper gives an account of a cross-regional study of lexical obsolescence in Tacawit. It aims to compare the rates of lexical erosion across three regions: the Aurès Massif, Occidental Aurès and Oriental Aurès. The data of the study were collected as part of a doctoral research project on contact- induced lexical erosion in Tacawit. For purposes of brevity, however, this paper is confined to the analysis of the data obtained from one semantic domain, namely animal lexicon. Six basic concepts denoting six species were examined. The study revealed significant differences in the rates of lexical erosion between the three regions. The Massif retained most of the Berber variants, and, to a lesser degree, Occidental Aurès. In Oriental Aurès, however, there was a general tendency towards lexical replacement. This regional variation in lexical maintenance reflects different social tendencies within Aurès towards the effects of contact between Berber and Arabic.</text>
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This article deals with the translation of the rhetorical figure proposed by Eugene Nida. Already known by the principle of Dynamic Equivalence, Nida applied it to the translation of the Bible with its rhetorical figures and idioms, thus he set forth several techniques and strategies for translating those figures. Our study reveals that Nida differentiated between two equivalences in translation: Formal and Dynamic, preferring the Dynamic equivalence in the translation of the rhetorical figures, he also classified them among the necessary adaptations, such as matching metaphors with metaphors; i.e. matching a rhetorical figure with another of the same type, and translating metaphor with no- metaphor when there is no figure that fits with its reference counterpart in the source language, therefore radical changes must be made. The third technique is to translate the no-metaphor with metaphor only in two cases: the first one, when the figure is based on national myths, the second is when the national and religious beliefs clash with their counterparts in the source language. All of these strategies rely on the principle of the Equivalent Effect. The aim of our study is to identify the techniques that were adopted by Nida in the translation of the rhetorical figure. Finally, the investigative and descriptive approach was followed in order to reach what was proposed.&amp;nbsp;</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 17 No 2 (2018): Traduction et Langues Volume: 17 Numéro : 02 / Décembre 2018; 114-131</text>
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                <text>ترجمة الصورة البيانية عند يوجين نايدا</text>
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                <text>Intercultural learning in German Language Classroomin Algeria: Situation and perspectives
Since the beginning of the 20th Century till now, teaching foreign languages has been giving a great importance to foreign languages learning and cultures. At the same time, the objective of teaching is not limited to improving oral competencies only, but to focusing also on understanding and perceiving foreign cultures by means of "intercultural learning". Intercultural learning, as a teaching-learning process, serves as a means that links between knowledge, information, foreign cultures and languages in order to meet the learning conditions that play a great role in developing "the Intercultural learning-teaching process. The objective of this communication does not merely showcase the huge importance of intercultural learning and teaching but also focuses on the successful impact they have on the way German Courses (Lesson) are given in Algeria’s language schools and institutes as well as the challenges that face them, thus suggesting new techniques that may improve the quality of learning-teaching process.</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 17 No 2 (2018): Traduction et Langues Volume: 17 Numéro : 02 / Décembre 2018; 18-31</text>
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                <text>Interkulturelles Lernen im DaF- Unterricht in Algerien: Zustand und Perspektiven</text>
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                <text>Considerably, writing is a complex task that requires the integration of multiple cognitive, linguistic, and motor abilities. It involves both low-level transcription skills (handwriting, spelling, punctuation, capitalisation, and grammar) and high-level composition skills (planning, content, organisation, and revision). In this regard, second year university learners at the section of English often take a “written expression” course backed up with tutorial classes to help learners master the different writing techniques and styles. However, many learners struggle in the writing process and end up producing pieces of writing that are ineffective or even incomprehensible showing poor mastery of language usage. Most of the time, learners have good ideas and knowledge of the way paragraphs or essays should be organised. In such a case, the ineffectiveness that characterises learners’ written products is grammar- related. To account for the reasons behind these problems, we hypothesised that the currently used grammar teaching method might not be effective leading to such a shortage in learners’ knowledge and skills. As a remedy to this anomaly, we have proposed the Integrative Grammar Teaching Method (IGM) as a model of grammar teaching. The analysis and interpretation of the collected data revealed that IGM could help learners develop their writing performances. Likewise, it has confirmed that teaching grammar in the context of writing and including learners in the process of rules formation is more likely to help them use grammar correctly and appropriately in the process of writing producing more legible and correct written products. Therefore, we could conclude that the previously stated hypotheses were confirmed and the findings were supportive and positive.</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 17 No 2 (2018): Traduction et Langues Volume: 17 Numéro : 02 / Décembre 2018; 67-81</text>
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                <text>The Other’s Image and the Presence of Ethos, Pathos and Logos in Discourse -The 13thWarrior as a Sample-&amp;nbsp;
This paper highlights the decisive role discourse plays in revealing the identity of the speaker through three important dimensions that form the basic building block in every speech, and which are: the Ethos, the Pathos, and the Logos. These aspects -as explained by Aristotle- are deemed argumentative concepts, firstly intended to persuasion, and emerge from three fundamentals: ethics, affection and mind. They are also effective tools to influence the addressee to the extent of changing his mindset and altering his behaviour, as well as unveiling the latter’s different cultural representations, deriving from his identity which is governed by many factors too, including religion, ideology, social, psychological and geographical elements. All these specificities establish the question of the 'other' and symbolize with distinction the dialectic of selfhood and otherness. Thus, the present seeks to probe into the ethos, pathos, and logos by explaining their meanings and bringing into view their different manifestations in discourse and the ways to approach them linguistically and to be processed pragmatically. The film ‘The 13th Warrior’, adapted from Aḥmad ibn Faḍlān’s trip to the country of Saqāliba (Slavs), will constitute the corpus of this study, and his eloquent and pithy message which reveals the secrets and reports the news, in a tone with too much marvel about the life of the brave Northmen who Arabs have never set foot in their land, and their habits in food, drink, garment. .</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 17 No 2 (2018): Traduction et Langues Volume: 17 Numéro : 02 / Décembre 2018; 150-167</text>
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                <text>صورة الآخر وحضور الإيثوس (Ethos) والباتوس(Pathos)  واللوغوس (Logos) في الخطاب</text>
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                <text>Mellit, Djihane</text>
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                <text>Motivating EFL students to read in English has captured the attention of different researchers in the field of foreign language learning for decades. The present study aims chiefly at probing into the attitudes held towards reading English literary texts by second-year Algerian EFL learners at the Department of Foreign Languages, University of Setif2. It seeks to study the learners’ attitudes towards reading English literary texts and their impact on their reading motivation. It also fetches the factors controlling EFL learners’ motivation in reading English literary texts. Moreover, it tackles sensible concern often encountered in literary text teaching: is there a correlation between learners’ attitudes and reading motivation? To this end, Data were collected through a perception questionnaire that was handed to a randomly selected sample of 150 students. The data analyses were descriptive. Results demonstrated that the students have low reading motivation due to their negative attitudes towards reading English literary texts. Based on these findings, it is suggested that literature teachers should incorporate the most convenient methods and techniques to meet EFL learners’ reading needs and interests. Thus, technology and new media should pave its way into the literature classes.</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 18 No 1 (2019): Traduction et Langues Volume : 18 Numéro : 01 / Août 2019; 98-114</text>
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                <text>The Impact of EFL Algerian University Students’  Attitudes on Literary Texts Reading Motivation: The  Case of Second Year English Students at Setif 2  University</text>
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                <text>The primary objective of this paper is to introduce, examine, and critically evaluate Venuti’s domestication and foreignization theory of translation in terms of power relations and cultural encounters. Domestication and foreignization are seen as two discordant translation tendencies in the sense that the first one involves adopting a fluent and transparent style in translation, by replacing all the unfamiliar elements with domestic variants in order to reduce the foreignness of the source text and help the target reader approach it with ease and familiarity, whereas the latter retains the foreign aspects of the original text and ignores the target reader’s potential comprehension difficulties. The controversial issue over domestication and foreignization has been the crux of contention in the translation circle for a very long time. In fact, these two strategies are still creating theoretical discussions and springing up heated debates among translation scholars. This article comes to the conclusion that such controversy cannot possibly be resolved by considering which is better than the other or which one has the priority over the other. Rather, these two strategies should be regarded as a continuum that provides heuristic tools for translators to help them successfully overcome the various cultural hindrances in translation.</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 18 No 1 (2019): Traduction et Langues Volume : 18 Numéro : 01 / Août 2019; 72-82</text>
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