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                <text>Lachachi , Djamel Eddine</text>
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                <text>The concept of sentence in Deutsch and Arabic
This article examines the various aspects of sentence definition in German and then in Arabic. This is to be an examination of the status of the sentence in either language, namely Arabic and the German Language. These differences are structural in nature by having pragmatic implications. Indeed, there exists no general theory of the sentence. Scholars distinguished nominal sentences and verbal sentences, but they did not explain each notion by the other, but rather by using the two terms: subject and predicate. The proper notion of the subject is unknown to scholars in languages different from Arabic, namely Greek and Indo-European languages. It has no name in the nomenclature and it is still the same today in Arabic grammar.</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2012 TRANSLANG</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 11 No 2 (2012): Traduction et Langues Volume 11: Numéro: 2/Décembre 2012 ; 124-133</text>
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                <text>2600-6235</text>
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                <text>Arabic grammar</text>
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                <text>Der Satzbegriff im Deutschen und Arabischen</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316181">
                <text>Harig Benmostefa , Fatima Zohra</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Lexical borrowing and linguistic aspects of nomination
We propose to examine, in this article, for what causes the words, once created and provided with a certain meaning, are brought to tighten it, to extend it, to transport it from a precise order of ideas to another, to raise or lower him in dignity, in short to change him. It is this part which properly constitutes semantics or the sciences of significations. how to choose the appropriate process to represent the new realities, how the different glosses make it possible to refine and specify the desired meaning and how the choice of the equivalent can be very difficult since it must be adjusted by certain production conditions see the discursive and praxematic context.</text>
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                <text>fra</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/587/479</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2012 TRANSLANG</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316191">
                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 11 No 2 (2012): Traduction et Langues Volume 11: Numéro: 2/Décembre 2012 ; 110-123</text>
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                <text>2600-6235</text>
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                <text>10.52919/translang.v11i2</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>lexical borrowing</text>
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                <text>realia</text>
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                <text>praxematics</text>
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                <text>denomination</text>
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                <text>realia</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>L’emprunt lexical et les aspects linguistiques de la nomination</text>
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                <text>Hammouche-Bey Omar , Rachida</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The paratext as a revealing element
The paratext and paratextual elements are still under study although some authors such as Genette, Mitterand have rigorously demonstrated their importance in the text of stories, novels, short stories, etc. It is only in recent years that the surroundings of the text have been analyzed and that we discover with these elements the richness and the pleasure of the text, as Roland Barthes likes to say. The title and subtitle, the cover, the epigraph, the dedication, the preface and finally the titles of the chapters play the role of clutch and triggering of a possible reading.The paratext has been almost unrecognized if not ignored, whereas today it occupies a dominating place. It is a call that every author makes to his reader. In recent years, this expanded textual space has been the subject of numerous investigations that have resulted in fruitful debates. Title, subtitles, preface, notes, epigraph, dedications, and many other more or less visible surrounds are echoes of the text that any author explicitly or implicitly makes available to the reader who must know how to decode before any reading and who will make it easier for him to choose the book. These paratextual elements are the signature of the author that any informed or uninformed reader must know how to decipher for the understanding and analysis of a text.</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2012 TRANSLANG</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 11 No 2 (2012): Traduction et Langues Volume 11: Numéro: 2/Décembre 2012 ; 103-109</text>
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                <text>2600-6235</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316167">
                <text>Paratext</text>
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                <text>paratextual elements</text>
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                <text>dedication</text>
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                <text>title</text>
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                <text>epigraph</text>
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                <text>Paratext</text>
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                <text>paratextual elements</text>
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                <text>dedication</text>
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                <text>title</text>
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                <text>epigraph.</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Le paratexte comme élément révélateur</text>
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                  <text>Traduction et Langues</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="316127">
                <text>Douar,  Aicha</text>
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                <text>The main objective of writing this research paper is to deal with the factors that affect the acquisition of the English language in the educational system in Algeria. The most effective way to raise educational standards begins with teaching quality to affect the learners’ readiness in society and aligning with national aspirations and economic development. Being an international language, English has occupied a prominent position in the Algerian educational system. However, the specialty of German studies at the university tends to neglect the use of the English language. The students are acquainted to a new situation when their encounter with the teacher of English is limited to one hour and a half per week. To what extent could the time table and coefficient impact the acquisition of the English language for the German language students? To carry out the research, a qualitative approach was conducted relying on the two following methods: observation and a group interview. Through these two methods, the collected data were collected and then analysed; they constituted the findings of our research paper.</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/585</text>
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                <text>eng</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316134">
                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/585/477</text>
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          </element>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="316136">
                <text>Copyright (c) 2012 TRANSLANG</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316137">
                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 11 No 2 (2012): Traduction et Langues Volume 11: Numéro: 2/Décembre 2012 ; 95-102</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316138">
                <text>2600-6235</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316139">
                <text>1112-3974</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316140">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v11i2</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Algerian students</text>
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                <text>coefficient</text>
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                <text>learning English</text>
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                <text>time table.</text>
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                <text>Algerian students</text>
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                <text>coefficient</text>
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                <text>learning English</text>
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                <text>time table</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>German Language Students and The English Language</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Traduction et Langues</text>
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      <name>Dataset</name>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316095">
                <text>Cheikh,  Saadia</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2012-12-31</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Learning literary writing in FFL and the weight of the socio-cultural heritage of young learners in high school in Algeria
High school students are victims of the romantic illusion of the inspired writer. This representation affects many writers, even among those who can be qualified as good students and tends to transform any attempt at literary writing into a transgression. The school must counter these erroneous representations of writing here. The problem then arises of knowing how to give the writer access to literary writing, how to act so that the representation of writing as a scriptural activity and as a work of rewriting can replace those of a divine gift and a sacred activity requiring inspiration, so deeply inscribed in it? how to free their minds from this socio-cultural heritage which weighs heavily on their learning to write. In such a context, we asked ourselves: what meaning can rewriting take? To answer it we propose the practice of reading-writing in class by applying the editorial process developed by C. Oriol-Boyer (1989) where it is indeed a question, by different writings and different stages of directing the writer towards the realization final.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316098">
                <text>application/pdf</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/584</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316100">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v11i2.584</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="316101">
                <text>fra</text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="316102">
                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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            <description>A related resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316103">
                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/584/476</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="316104">
                <text>Copyright (c) 2012 TRANSLANG</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="316105">
                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 11 No 2 (2012): Traduction et Langues Volume 11: Numéro: 2/Décembre 2012 ; 85-94</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316106">
                <text>2600-6235</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316107">
                <text>1112-3974</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316108">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v11i2</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316109">
                <text>Student</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316110">
                <text>secondary</text>
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                <text>literary writing</text>
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                <text>representation</text>
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                <text>scriptural activity</text>
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                <text>rewriting</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316115">
                <text>theory of C. Oriol-Boyer</text>
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                <text>Student</text>
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                <text>secondary</text>
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                <text>literary writing</text>
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                <text>representation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="316120">
                <text>scriptural activity</text>
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                <text>rewriting</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316122">
                <text>theory of C. Oriol-Boyer.</text>
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          </element>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="316123">
                <text>L’apprentissage de l’écriture littéraire en FLE et le poids de l’héritage socioculturel des jeunes apprenants au lycée en Algérie</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316124">
                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</text>
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                <text>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</text>
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                <text>Peer-reviewed Article</text>
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          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Traduction et Langues</text>
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      <name>Dataset</name>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316067">
                <text>Chaouib , Fatiha</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="316068">
                <text>2012-12-31</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Rewriting of the myth in “The Woman Without a Burial Place”by Assia Djebar
In this article, we propose to study the rewriting of one of the founding myths: "Ulysses and the Sirens". Indeed, with literature, mythical data are transformed first into matters of analogy, then of confrontation, and finally of analysis and reconstruction. The challenge that makes the passage from myth to literature lies in the word "creation" that Assia Djebar works through a concerted rewriting with several voices, more than one language, more than one meaning. Through myth, the author sheds light on the past, inserting forgotten events into the present of fiction, thus giving life to buried voices.This research allows us to consider that Assia Djebar replaces Ulysses in the epilogue. She is Ulysses in the feminine; "the traveler", "the foreigner" who has spent her life traveling the world. She has traveled from one continent to another, from North Africa to Europe to the United States. She seems to like this life full of nomadism, Hania the heroine's daughter addresses her words: "O you who took a long time to come back, she continues in a wavering voice, you Houria's niece died next door from our home, you've done, it seems almost around the world, but what to blame you for, you came back to us, isn't that the main thing? ». She returned the narrator / author to Caesarea to recharge her batteries, to recover her past, a forgotten piece of history. She does the same as the Homeric Ulysses who aimed to recover his past as a present. She returns to the patios of the women of Caesarea, today's sirens, she listens to their hidden words, these voices that tell the story of Algeria on the women's side, inside the houses, cloistered. These women reconstruct the past down to the smallest detail. They meditate in the space of silence, remember the past, build the puzzle little by little and make the story of Zoulikha the anthem of all the women of Algeria, those who died for their country."The visitor", "the foreigner not so foreign" listens to this word, this song, without being attached to the mast and assigns herself the task of transcribing the song of these women filled with tenderness and sadness in writing. The author is consumed by the desire to preserve the story of her women from oblivion to the point where she materializes this gesture by putting it on paper.These sirens of Caesarea are all messengers who come to say what we don't know, what we don't see, What happened inside the patios and in the streets of Caesarea, what is forgotten, what is hidden.Inside the houses, these women ensure the chain of transmission, fight against oblivion. However, the major oversight that arises in this novel is that of the women's fight for independence, their resistance, their mourning. History is the prerogative of the women of Algeria that Assia Djebar "Ulysses in feminine" has given herself the mission of saving her from "oblivion" because it turns out that it is the real death. Assia Djebar's story is constructed to make room for this word, to give it the impetus to take flight, to go beyond the walls of the patios, to reach us. Like the Homeric story that was able to transcend the ages to arrive at the center of the work "La Femme Sans Sepulture".
&amp;nbsp;</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/583</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316072">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v11i2.583</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>eng</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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            <description>A related resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="316075">
                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/583/475</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="316076">
                <text>Copyright (c) 2012 TRANSLANG</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316077">
                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 11 No 2 (2012): Traduction et Langues Volume 11: Numéro: 2/Décembre 2012 ; 75-84</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316078">
                <text>2600-6235</text>
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                <text>1112-3974</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316080">
                <text>10.52919/translang.v11i2</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="316081">
                <text>Myth</text>
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                <text>rewriting</text>
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                <text>voice</text>
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                <text>oblivion</text>
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                <text>Myth</text>
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                <text>oblivion</text>
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                <text>return.</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>La réécriture du mythe dans La femme sans sépulture d’Assia Djebar</text>
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Rudolf Steiner was an extremely active thinker who tried to grasp and reconcile the knowledge of the spiritual world and natural science in words and concepts.As a result of his experience, which he gained from his teaching activities in various schools and universities, he succeeded in enriching and advancing educational science far and wide with his ideas on child nutrition, related to this pedagogy.</text>
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                <text>Communication embodies verbal and non-verbal signs. Among the various non-verbal signs, body language is very important and helps to understand the message transmitted. It varies from a culture to another and is generally indicative of the culture one belongs to. It includes gestures, facial expressions, touch, glance, body motion, eye contact, proximity and so on.Non-verbal communication (which is perhaps the most important component of communication) responds to cultural rules. Ignoring or violating these rules may lead to confusing, misleading or embarrassing situations that may break the whole process of communication (which is the most important component of communication). What is perceived as normal in one culture can be perceived as illogical, rude or shocking in another. The fact that all cultures have internal variations, and that they continuously evolve, adds up to the difficulty of understanding cultures.</text>
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                <text>Issues Inherent to Translation of Contracts: French Arab
It is unquestionable that translation cannot be summed up in the simple idea of transferring from one language to another. This is all the more true when it comes to specialized translation, even more so when it comes to legal translation, indeed, the translation of legal documents and contracts in particular is not easy. Any mistake, no matter how small, can have serious consequences. Thus, each contract to be translated represents serious challenges that must be met. Especially since the only mastery of the two languages in action is not sufficient in itself: several skills must interact so that the translator can carry out his translation project. In addition to specialized legal knowledge, a thorough understanding of current legal systems is essential as each country has its own legal system, language, and terminology. They are also representative of societies with different and diverse cultures, histories and values. In this context, our article aims to deal with the problems inherent in the translation of contracts from French into Arabic. We propose to look at the main problems posed by the translation of this type of legal document and provide some answers.to them.</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 11 No 2 (2012): Traduction et Langues Volume 11: Numéro: 2/Décembre 2012 ; 40-48</text>
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                <text>Problématiques Inhérentes à La Traduction des Contrats Français- Arabe</text>
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                <text>The strategy of interlocution as a pretext for the subversion of traditional romance in Jacques le Fataliste et son maître: Narratological approach
Jacques le Fataliste et son maître, a modern novel intended for posthumous publication (1797) continues to attract exegetes because it fascinates with the labyrinthine design of its structure and the audacity of the themes evoked therein, in particular that of the novel conceived in a substantially meta-romantic subversive perspective: exhibition of the arbitrariness of the narrative, primacy given to the latter to the detriment of the story, amalgamation of temporal levels, integration of reception in creation, interferences between reality and fiction... Suddenly the writing is deceptive in what it tells. But in the aftermath the enunciation becomes enjoyable in the way of telling, thereby displacing the interest of a reading governed by a pact of belief, towards that governed by a contract of connivance where the role of the receiving body is undeniably structuring.The deployment of the interlocution and the discontinuity in the textual space shakes the foundations of the traditional novel which collapses as a result under the effect of formal games contributing to the outrageous complication of the story and its very clear inflection of a realism. of complacency towards a distanced realism of connivance.Thus by means of the discontinuity, immediate consequence of the interlocution, the text buds, with incises, expansions, digressions, interpolations..., in the sense that the exaggerated intrusions seriously damage the credibility of the story, less supported by a causal logic that the unbridled intervention of the author correlates with the unexpected intrusions of the reader. Also the story exhibits its arbitrariness, overhanging history, reduced to a simple pretext for meta-romantic discourse. Standing out from already established tastes, Jacques le Fataliste is a novel that deliberately contributes to shifting the criteria of appreciation of a readership put on the alert. As a result, the writing is deceptive in what it tells. The disconcerting opening, as we have seen, which nips in the bud the expectations of iconicity in a credulous reader, conditioned by soothing horizons of expectation, is proof of this. But in the aftermath the enunciation becomes enjoyable in the way of telling, thus shifting the interest of a reading governed by a pact of belief, towards a reading governed by complicity. It follows that the systematic inclusion of the Diderotian narrative-discourse in a perspective of interlocution has the function of opening a large breach in the traditional novel by staging the adventure of a writing that calls itself into question. as she searches for herself.</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 11 No 2 (2012): Traduction et Langues Volume 11: Numéro: 2/Décembre 2012 ; 25-39</text>
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                <text>Interlocution</text>
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                <text>Le recours à la stratégie d’interlocution comme prétexte à la subversion du romanesque traditionnel dans Jacques le Fataliste et son maître : Approche narratologique</text>
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