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                <text>Petra, Langa</text>
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                <text>Die Übersetzung spielt eine wichtige Rolle, sei es im DaF-Unterricht als ein Fachbereich, oder als eine Lehrmethode, oder als Teil des DaF Curriculums.In diesem Beitrag werden alle diese drei als Formen des Zusammenwerkes von Übersetzungstheorie und Fremdsprachendidaktik besprochen. Gleichzeitig wird für einen bewußteren Einsatz von Übersetzungsunterricht als Teil DaF Curriculums plädiert. In diesem Beitrag wird auch über die Entwicklungsprozeß der Übersetzung sprechen und Fragen über die Übersetzungswissenschaft stellen, ob es ein Teilbereich der Linguistik ist, oder schöpft sie aus verschiedenen Bereichen der Linguistik, wie der kontrastiven Linguistik und andere Bereiche, die wir in dieser Arbeit sehen werden, diese und andere Fragen werden ins Detail analysiert.</text>
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                <text>Translation in German as a Foreign Language Studies
Translation plays an important role, be it in DaF (teaching German as a foreign language) as a subject area, or as a teaching method, or as part of the DaF curriculum.In this paper, all three of these areas are discussed as forms of collaboration between translation theory and foreign language didactics. At the same time, a more conscious use of translation lessons as part of the DaF curriculum is advocated. This contribution will also treat the process of translation development and raise questions about translation studies, whether it is a subfield of linguistics or draws from different fields of linguistics, such as contrastive linguistics that we discuss and analyze in details.We concluded that the translation lessons proved to be extremely motivating for our students as there is an obvious transition between study and the world of work (be it the practical part of translation or the academic of translation analysis). At the same time, interest in greater competence in the foreign language and in intercultural competence increased. Thus, translation can be understood as a linguistic contribution to intercultural sensitization, since the comparative analysis of the target and source languages includes the analysis of the target culture in comparison to one's own culture.Besides these positive effects of translation classes, students would be given the opportunity to develop an interest in translation acts at different levels. The University of Natal (Durban) offers a (Graduate) Certificate of Proficiency in Translation recognized by the South African Translators Institute (SATI). This would not only offer foreign language students a job-related qualification but perhaps another step towards the protection of such an important professional group that is often still little recognized in South Africa.</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/316</text>
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                <text>deu</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/316/241</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2004 TRANSLANG</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 3 No 1 (2004): Traduction et Langues Volume 3: Numéro: 1/Décembre 2004 ; 7-17</text>
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                <text>2600-6235</text>
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                <text>10.52919/translang.v3i1</text>
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                <text>Übersetzung sunterricht</text>
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                <text>Fremdsprachenunterricht</text>
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                <text>Translation</text>
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                <text>German as a foreign language studies</text>
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                <text>translation studies</text>
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                <text>ranslation lessons</text>
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                <text>foreign language lessons</text>
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                <text>teaching approach</text>
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                <text>Übersetzung im DaF Studium</text>
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                <text>N’Guessan Konan, Lazare</text>
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                <text>The Absolute Adjective and Aspects of Definitude in Kourouma’s writing
When a non-substantive word is provided with determinants specific to the name, it is said to undergo substantivation and then becomes a substantivized word. The latter therefore receives a determination, the variability of which could be assumed as a function of ambient enunciative parameters. If this is the case, then it would be important to have an idea of the variation of this determination. We then postulate that the stronger the determination, the stronger the definition and vice versa. On this basis, we have tried to make a projection on the very determinants which participate in the substantivation of the adjective and on the way in which the determination plans the definiteness. We rely on semantic-discursive and pragmatic-discursive considerations. Kourouma's writing is a panel that has not yet finished fascinating linguists as the innovations have been resounding, disconcerting but at the same time stimulating. Some excesses have indeed been considered boldness and it is under these that adjective substantivation is addressed at Kourouma with an objective which is to situate its enunciative impact in the author's discourse. He makes such use of it in his novel production that he does not fail to attract attention. The analysis is based on syntactico-semantic, pragmatico-discursive (inspired by enunciative theories) and polyphonic (from argumentation in the language (AD)) methods. The substantivation is constructed, in general, by means of adjective determinants and articles. At Kourouma, articles are the first producing element of adjective substantivation because of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic resources that facilitate the integration of the nominal adjective into the multiple circuits of literary discourse. Perceived by some as a support for the word that they determine by transforming it into a syntactic constituent, articles are, from a semantic perspective, considered as a contribution of the word by others as they act as a reference operator. Anyway, pragmatically, their definitness as well as their undefinitness in the nominal adjective are all instructions that inform about the intuition of the enunciator and that organize his discursive dynamic at Kourouma.</text>
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                <text>L’écriture de Kourouma est un panel qui n’a pas encore fini de passionner les linguistes tant les innovations ont été retentissantes, déconcertantes mais en même temps stimulantes. Certains excès ont été, en effet, considérés comme des hardiesses et c’est au titre de celles-ci que la substantivation adjective est abordée chez Kourouma dans un objectif qui est celui de situer son impact énonciatif dans le discours de l’auteur. Celui-ci en fait un tel usage dans sa production romanesque qu’il ne manque pas d’attirer l’attention. L’analyse s’appuie sur des méthodes syntaxico-sémantiques, pragmatico-discursives (inspirées des théories énonciatives) et polyphoniques (issues de l’argumentation dans la langue (AD)). La substantivation se construit, en général, au moyen des déterminants adjectifs et articles. Chez Kourouma, les articles sont le premier élément producteur de la substantivation adjective en raison de ressources tant syntaxique, sémantique que pragmatique qui facilitent l’intégration du nominal adjectif dans les multiples circuits du discours littéraire. Perçus par certains comme un support du mot qu’ils déterminent par la transformation de celui-ci en constituant syntaxique, les articles sont, dans une perspective sémantique, envisagés comme un apport du mot par d’autres en tant qu’ils agissent comme opérateur de référence. Quoi qu’il en soit, pragmatiquement, leur définitude autant que leur indéfinitude dans le nominal adjectif sont autant d’instructions qui informent sur l’intuition de l’énonciateur et qui organisent sa dynamique discursive chez Kourouma.</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/313</text>
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                <text>fra</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/313/236</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 20 No 1 (2021): Traduction et Langues Volume : 20 Numéro : 01 / Août 2021; 224-238</text>
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                <text>La substantivation</text>
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                <text>le déterminant</text>
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                <text>L’Adjectif Substantif et Aspects de la Définitude dans  l’écriture de Kourouma</text>
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                <text>El Koulali , Salima</text>
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                <text>Techniques of Translation of the Literary Narratives and Transmition of Cultural Matters: The case of the Amazigh tale translated into Spanish "Popular tales of the Rif told by Female storytellers" 
This paper deals with the translation techniques or procedures used by the author Zoubida Boughaba Maalem to translate some stories collected in the Rif area. The fact of expressing a reality that is not the same for readers of the target language requires that we choose precisely the techniques used, especially when it comes to translating culturemes. After referring to the state of the Amazigh language in Morocco, we have chosen a methodology that consists of defining the translation process, since translation can be defined as an activity between languages, an artistic activity, it can focus on the nature of the text to be translated, or considered as communication. Regarding the translation methods that exist, we cite: the methods established by Katharina Reiss who classifies the texts into three types: informative, expressive, and operative; the methods established by House that divide the translation into two types, the concealed translation and the patent translation; the methods established by Amparo Hurtado that distinguishes between the interpretive-communicative method, the literal method and the free method; the methods established by Peter Newmark who differentiates eight of them: word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation. We can affirm that the author has used the interpretive-communicative method, because she always facilitates the understanding of the terms of her culture in order to establish a communicative relationship with the readers. Likewise, we have defined the term of culture as proposed by Terry Eagleton and Dik Hebdige, taking into consideration the classification of cultural words according to Newmark, which distinguishes between two types of words: universal and cultural. Regarding the domains, he thinks that they can be classified into: ecology, material culture, social culture, social organization, gestures and habits. The translation procedures used in this translation are those proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet such as borrowing, tracing, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, adaptation, amplification, explanation, omission, compensation, and other procedures apart that are the paraphrase, the neologism and the footnote. We have tried to highlight these techniques, giving the examples and justifying the choice.</text>
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                <text>Este artículo trata el tema de las técnicas o los procedimientos de traducción a los que ha recurrido la autora Zoubida Boughaba Maalem, para traducir unos cuentos recopilados en la zona del Rif. El hecho de expresar una realidad que no es igual para los lectores de la lengua de llegada, exige que elijamos de manera precisa las técnicas usadas, sobre todo, si se trata de la traducción de los culturemas. Después de aludir al estado de la lengua amazigh en Marruecos, hemos elegido una metodología que consiste en la definición del proceso de traducción, ya que la traducción puede estar definida como una actividad entre las lenguas, una actividad artística, puede centrarse en la naturaleza del texto a traducir, o considerarse como comunicación. Respecto a los métodos de traducción que hay citamos: los métodos establecidos por Katharina Reiss, que hace una clasificación de los textos en tres tipos : informativos, expresivos, y operativos; los métodos establecidos por House que divide la traducción en dos tipos la traducción encubierta y la traducción patente; los métodos establecidos por Amparo Hurtado que distingue entre el método interpretativo-comunicativo, el método literal y el método libre; los métodos establecidos por Peter Newmark quien diferencia ocho de ellos: la traducción palabra por palabra, la traducción literal, la traducción fiel, la traducción semántica, la adaptación, la traducción libre, la traducción idiomática, y la traducción comunicativa. Podemos afirmar que la autora ha utilizado el método interpretativo- comunicativo, porque siempre facilita la comprensión de los términos de su cultura con el fin de entablar una relación comunicativa con los lectores. Asimismo, hemos definido el término de la cultura según proponen Terry Eagleton y Dik Hebdige, tomando en consideración la clasificación de las palabras culturales según Newmark que distingue entre dos tipos de palabras: universales y culturales. Respecto a los dominios piensa que pueden clasificarse en: ecología, cultura material, cultura social, organización social, gestos y hábitos. Los procedimientos de traducción utilizados en esta traducción son aquellos propuestos por Vinay y Darbelnet como el préstamo, el calco, la traducción literal, la transposición, la modulación, la equivalencia, la adaptación, la amplificación, la explicitación, la omisión, la compensación, y otros procedimientos a parte que son la paráfrasis, el neologismo y el pie de página. He intentado destacar estas técnicas, dando los ejemplos y justificando su opción.</text>
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                <text>This paper deals with the translation techniques or procedures used by the author Zoubida Boughaba Maalem to translate some stories collected in the Rif area. The fact of expressing a reality that is not the same for readers of the target language requires that we choose precisely the techniques used, especially when it comes to translating culturemes. After referring to the state of the Amazigh language in Morocco, we have chosen a methodology that consists of defining the translation process, since translation can be defined as an activity between languages, an artistic activity, it can focus on the nature of the text to be translated, or considered as communication. Regarding the translation methods that exist, we cite: the methods established by Katharina Reiss who classifies the texts into three types: informative, expressive, and operative; the methods established by House that divide the translation into two types, the concealed translation and the patent translation; the methods established by Amparo Hurtado that distinguishes between the interpretive-communicative method, the literal method and the free method; the methods established by Peter Newmark who differentiates eight of them: word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation. We can affirm that the author has used the interpretive-communicative method, because she always facilitates the understanding of the terms of her culture in order to establish a communicative relationship with the readers. Likewise, we have defined the term of culture as proposed by Terry Eagleton and Dik Hebdige, taking into consideration the classification of cultural words according to Newmark, which distinguishes between two types of words: universal and cultural. Regarding the domains, he thinks that they can be classified into: ecology, material culture, social culture, social organization, gestures and habits. The translation procedures used in this translation are those proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet such as borrowing, tracing, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, adaptation, amplification, explanation, omission, compensation, and other procedures apart that are the paraphrase, the neologism and the footnote. We have tried to highlight these techniques, giving the examples and justifying the choice.</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 20 No 1 (2021): Traduction et Langues Volume : 20 Numéro : 01 / Août 2021; 146-156</text>
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                <text>translation of literary narratives</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="309754">
                <text>popular tales of Rif</text>
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                <text>Amazigh tale translated into Spanish</text>
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                <text>techniques</text>
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                <text>Traducción del Cuento literario</text>
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                <text>Cuentos populares del Rif</text>
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                <text>Cuento Amazigh traducido al  español</text>
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                <text>técnicas de Traducción</text>
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                <text>Mujeres Cuentacuentos</text>
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                <text>Las Técnicas de Traducción del Cuento literario y la  Transmisión de lo Cultural : El caso del Cuento  Amazigh Traducido Al Español “Cuentos Populares del  Rif Contados por Mujeres Cuentacuentos”</text>
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                <text>Las Técnicas de Traducción del Cuento literario y la  Transmisión de lo Cultural : El caso del Cuento  Amazigh Traducido Al Español “Cuentos Populares del  Rif Contados por Mujeres Cuentacuentos”</text>
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                <text>Khalaf, Souad</text>
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                <text>تتعقب هذه الورقة أساليب جويس اللغوية للفراغ والفجوات أثناء كتابته "دبلنرز"، وتكشف ما هو مضمّن في بعض القصص والأهم من ذلك توضح كيف تحاول شخصياته من خلال الحذف والفجوات تحقيق إنهاء الاستعمار. يتم استبدال القضية الرئيسية للتواصل الصريح في المجتمعات الاستعمارية بمثل هذه الجوانب اللغوية حيث يميل كتاب ما بعد الاستعمار مثل جيمس جويس إلى التعبير عن أفكارهم حول إنهاء الاستعمار من خلال إيحاء اللغة بإيصال رسائل سياسية. ومن ثم، ومن أجل حل مشكلة القيود الصريحة للغة، تحاول هذه الورقة ال كشف عن الرسائل السرية للقصص من خلال دراسة الحذف والفجوات. بينما تصور الفراغات والفجوات دلالات سلبية، فإن المنهجية المستخدمة هنا لملء الفراغات في الحذف تركز على المعلومات التي تم التحقيق فيها واستكشافها ثم تنفيذها من قبل القارئ لإكمال الأفكار غير المكتملة وحل ألغاز جويس. يتم التحقيق في ملء الحذف بشكل أساسي في قصص "الأخوات" و "سحابة صغيرة" حيث يساعد القارئ الذي يملأ هذه الأشكال الناقصة الشخصيات، للهروب من محنتهم الاستعمارية إلى عالم أكثر تفاؤلاً. وبالمثل،تُظهر الفجوات كفاح الشخصيات لتحقيق إنهاء الاستعمار اللغوي من خلال استكمال الأفكار والأقوال غير المكتملة خاصة في قصص "إيفلين" و "كلاي". من خلال تحليل الخطاب الذي يدور بين الشخصيات في هذه القصص. قد يكشف القارئ عما تم تركه ضمنيًا وسيوضح كيف يمكن للشخصيات، بملء الحذف واستكمال الأجزاء، أن تحقق إنهاء الاستعمار. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يقدم دور المرفقات في هذه المقالة دليلاً أكثر واقعية على استخدام علامات الحذف والفراغات كأدوات لإزالة الاستعمار من خلال تقديم إحصائيات عن استخدامها في القصص وتحليل تفسيراتها الضمنية بدقة. في النهاية، ستثبت النتائج أن أولئك الذين يعانون من اللغة الخاضعة للرقابة في البيئات المضطربة سياسيًا سيجدون وسائل أخرى للتعبير عن أفكارهم عن الحرية من خلال تحليل ما تتضمنه اللغة وليس ما يتم التعبير عنه صراحةً. وبالتالي،يُسمح للقراء بإعادة بناء الحذف والفجوات للتوصل إلى أفكار أكثر شمولاً لما هو مطلوب لغويًا لتحقيق إنهاء الاستعمار.</text>
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                <text>This paper traces Joyce’s linguistic techniques of void and gaps as he went about when writing Dubliners, and reveals what is implied in some of the stories and most importantly shows how through ellipses and fragments, his characters’ attempt to achieve decolonization. The main issue of explicit communication in colonial societies is replaced by such linguistic aspects where postcolonial writers like James Joyce tend to express their ideas of decolonization through the implicitness of language to deliver political messages. Hence, and in order to solve the problem of the explicit limitations of language, this paper attempts to reveal the covert messages of the stories by studying ellipses and fragments. While void and gaps portray negative connotations, the methodology used here to fill in the blanks of ellipses and fragments focuses on the information investigated, explored and then implemented by the reader to complete the unfinished thoughts and solve Joyce’s mysteries. Filling out ellipses are investigated mainly in the stories of “The Sisters” and “A Little Cloud” where characters are helped by the reader, who fills out these ellipses, to escape their colonial ordeals into a more hopeful world. Similarly, fragments show the characters’ struggle to achieve linguistic decolonization by completing the unfinished thoughts and utterances especially in the stories of “Eveline” and “Clay”. By analysing the discourse that takes place between the characters in these stories, the reader may reveal what has been left implied and will show how by filling out ellipses and completing fragments, characters may achieve decolonization. Additionally, the role of annexes in this article gives a more concrete proof of the use of ellipses and fragments as decolonial tools by presenting statistics of their usage in the stories and thoroughly analysing their implicit interpretations. Ultimately, findings will prove that those who struggle with the explicitness of censoredl anguage in politically disturbed environments will find other means to express their thoughts of freedom through the analysis of what language implies and not what is overtly expressed. Thus, the readers are allowed to reconstruct ellipses and fragments to come up with more comprehensible ideas of what is linguistically required to achieve decolonization.</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 20 No 1 (2021): Traduction et Langues Volume : 20 Numéro : 01 / Août 2021; 157-171</text>
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                <text>Decolonization</text>
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                <text>Dubliners</text>
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                <text>ellipsis</text>
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                <text>دبلنرز</text>
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                <text>الحذف</text>
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                <text>Ellipses and Fragments: linguistic means of  decolonization in Joyce’s Dubliners</text>
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                <text>Stihi, Oumnia</text>
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                <text>The present paper reports on the findings of a study investigating the validity and feasibility of translanguaging as a potential alternative pedagogical practice in the Algerian EFL classroom. Translanguaging represents the discursive practices whereby multilingual learners employ all their linguistic repertoire as well as a modern multilingual pedagogy where all the language resources of the learner are exploited to maximize learning. Despite being a multilingual country, the Algerian educational system is still lacking in terms of language teaching pedagogies which embrace the linguistic diversity of the learners. Before implementing such inclusive pedagogies, a survey of their validity and feasibility in terms of human and material resources in our context is needed. It is in this vein that this research tried to capture the perspectives of ten Middle School teachers of English regarding the extent to which can translanguaging be adopted to teach English to young learners in public schools. The issue was approached from a socio-cultural lens and the data was collected using semi-structured interviews. The outcomes of this research reveal that the participants are, to a large extent, in favor of adopting translanguaging as a valid pedagogy for teaching and learning. However, its feasibility seems to be limited due to various social and political constraints making its implementation highly challenging as it requires the collaboration of all the parts involved in the teaching and learning continuum.</text>
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                <text>aging en tant que pratique pédagogique alternative dans la classe d’anglais en tant que langue étrangère. Le Translanguaging définie les pratiques discursives par lesquelles les apprenants multilingues utilisent tout leur répertoire linguistique ainsi qu'une pédagogie multilingue moderne dans laquelle toutes les ressources linguistiques de l'apprenant sont exploitées pour maximiser l'apprentissage. En dépit d'être un pays multilingue, le système éducatif algérien manque encore de pédagogies d'enseignement des langues qui tiennent compte de la diversité linguistique des apprenants. Avant de mettre en œuvre de telles pédagogies inclusives, une étude de leur validité et faisabilité en termes des ressources humaines et matérielles dans notre contexte est nécessaire. C'est dans cet esprit que cette recherche a tenté de saisir les points de vue de dix enseignants d'anglais au collège concernant la mesure dans laquelle le translanguaging peut être adopté pour enseigner l'anglais aux jeunes apprenants dans les écoles publiques. La question a été abordée sous un angle socioculturel et les données ont été recueillies à l'aide d'entretiens semi-directifs. Pour cette étude, les perspectives de dix professeurs d’anglais au collège ont été capturées au moyen d’une interview structurée. Les résultats de cette recherche révèlent que les participants sont, dans une large mesure, favorables à l’adoption de la traduction en tant que pédagogie valable pour l’enseignement et l’apprentissage. Cependant, sa faisabilité semble limitée en raison de diverses contraintes sociales et politiques, ce qui rend sa mise en œuvre extrêmement difficile, car elle nécessite la collaboration de toutes les parties impliquées dans le continuum de l’enseignement et de l’apprentissage.</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 20 No 1 (2021): Traduction et Langues Volume : 20 Numéro : 01 / Août 2021; 298-312</text>
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                <text>pédagogie écologique</text>
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                <text>éducation multilingue</text>
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                <text>EFL en Algérie</text>
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                <text>Ecological Approaches to Language Education:  Translanguaging in the Algerian EFL Classroom</text>
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                <text>Gandouz Ayeb, Olfa</text>
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                <text>تتطرق ورقة البحث الى تقييم كيفية تصميم مادة المسرحية الكلاسيكية لطلبة السنوات الاولى تطبيقية 2016- 2019 بالمعهد العالي للغات قابس تونس. تشير ورقة البحث الى تحفيز طلبة إنجليزية الاعمال وتوعيتهم حول اهمي تعلم المسرحية في عصر الرقمنة. يتناول الجزءالاول مشكلة تحفيز الطلبة وشرح اسباب تفضيلهم المسرح الحديث على المسرح الكلاسيكي. يتناول الجزء الثاني تحليل اراء الطلاب كما يبرز دور التنوع في اثراء حصة المسرحية. يتلخص الهدف النهائي في استخلاص متعة تدريس وتعلم المسرحية في سياق أجنبي واهمية دور الطلاب في خلق حوار الحضارات.</text>
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                <text>Survey-based, the paper evaluates the syllabus of a classical drama course designed for first year applied students (2016 - 2019) at the Higher Institute of Languages of Gabes, Tunisia (ISLG). The paper will refer to the problem of capturing the attention of business English learners who have often asked about the use of attending a drama tutorial in the age of digital humanities. It studies the challenges of teaching and also learning drama in a Post-Jasmine Tunisian revolution context. The lack of motivation is the main challenge for teaching drama in a foreign context. Learners face difficulties at grasping the significance of a classical dramatic text and they often get blocked at the literal meanings of the text. The present paper aims at showing the role of redesigning drama syllabus in achieving better learning outcomes, in creating active learners and in making the drama course a more beneficial course to business English students. A qualitative method will be deployed to evaluate the drama syllabus, to perceive students ‘preferences and to fix new pedagogic parameters. Data analysis is meant to recognize the pedagogic needs of business English students, to compare them to fundamental students and to understand their challenges. Developing certain awareness about the challenges of learners is a fundamental step for reaching pedagogic efficiency. To reach the conclusion about the importance of students’ engagement, the paper will be divided into two major parts. The first part approaches the problem of motivation and students’ preference for modern drama over classical drama by foregrounding a gender-oriented change in students’ attitudes throughout the course. The second section deals with an analysis of the survey and it highlights the role of variety in enriching drama syllabus. The final goal of the paper is to conclude that teaching drama in a foreign context becomes pleasurable for both teacher and learner when students start to be involved and to create a dialogue between different and incomparable cultures. Some recommendations for redesigning the drama booklet will be suggested in the light of the students’ responses. Responding to the needs of learners is another tool for achieving pedagogic efficiency.</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 20 No 1 (2021): Traduction et Langues Volume : 20 Numéro : 01 / Août 2021; 172-185</text>
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                <text>The Challenges of Designing Drama Syllabus to Applied  English Students: ISLG Students as a Case Study</text>
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                <text>Valdez, Cristian</text>
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                <text>Galiano, María Lomeña</text>
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                <text>Exploring Spanish-French Neural Machine Translation: Towards a Corpus-Based Translation Studies Approach for the Analysis of Translation Tools 
Neural machine translation (NMT) systems, based on large volumes of bilingual and monolingual data, represent a significant leap forward in the processing of linguistic data. They are capable of proposing a target text that is natural, fluid and idiomatic. The field of translation has gained much progress thanks to this technology wherein the working procedures are witnessing an important transformation. Automating the translation process requires not only to rethink the professional practices but also the objectives and the methods governing training in translation. In some professional settings, they are becoming a complementary tool for translation. The challenge is therefore to know the advantages and weaknesses of their use, which would make it possible to approach the post-editing phase more effectively. From a textometric and translation studies approach, this article proposes the exploration of a translation corpus composed of journalistic texts in Spanish and their translations into French by the generic NMT system DeepL. The exploration of the data comprises three stages: a textual approach, the analysis of the units selected by means of the cartographic representation of the correspondences and the return to the text, by examining the units in context. A sample of the most frequent lexemes in the corpus was qualitatively analysed using the MkAlign software in order to evaluate the output of the automatic information transfer. This is meant to verify the accuracy of the automatic translation process between two languages and the extent to which, if any, it causes information loss. The analysis indicates that, in most cases, the information content of the lexemes studied was correctly transferred into the target language. Furthermore, appropriate translation choices were revealed when processing anaphoric expressions. However, the target text contains transfer errors concerning some neologisms, proper names and parasynonyms.</text>
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                <text>Les systèmes de traduction automatique dite neuronale (TAN), basées sur de grandes masses de données bilingues et monolingues, représentent un saut qualitatif dans le traitement des données linguistiques. Dans certains milieux professionnels, ils se généralisent et deviennent ainsi un véritable outil de traduction. L’enjeu est donc de connaître les avantages et les faiblesses de leur utilisation, ce qui permettrait d’aborder la phase de post-édition de manière plus efficace. Cet article, fondé sur une approche textométrique et traductologique, propose l’exploration d’un corpus parallèle constitué de textes journalistiques en espagnol et de leur traduction en français réalisée par le système générique de TAN DeepL. Un échantillon formé des lexèmes les plus fréquents du corpus a été analysé qualitativement à l’aide du logiciel MkAlign dans le but d’évaluer le résultat du transfert automatique d’informations. L’analyse indique que, dans la majorité des cas, le contenu informationnel concernant les lexèmes étudiés a été correctement transféré en langue cible. De plus, ont été mis en évidence des choix de traduction pertinents au moment du traitement d’expressions anaphoriques. Cependant, le texte cible comporte des erreurs de transfert concernant certains néologismes, des noms propres et des parasynonymes.</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/307</text>
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                <text>10.52919/translang.v20i1.307</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 20 No 1 (2021): Traduction et Langues Volume : 20 Numéro : 01 / Août 2021; 86-112</text>
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                <text>Gobillot, Geneviève</text>
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                <text>Quran Translation and Translation through Quran: Aspects of a Timeless Issue &amp;nbsp;
The translation of the Quran, a text which declares itself impossible to equal, has always posed a problem, whatever the language concerned, since, obviously, its inimitability is linked to its composition in Arabic. The question which arises above all from this fact is that of the grasp of its meanings and the criteria of their approach. It seems logical to try to answer it by questioning it directly, since it expresses itself in a clear and detailed way both on the accession to the meanings of the divine messages and on their possible translation. It emerges from this first exploration that, as a certain number of theologians and mystics had thought, i'jâz resides in the perfection of the relation between the meaning and the mode of composition of the sacred text, itself an exegesis, definitive and complete of all previous revelations. This perfection, which is expressed both by the precision and by the richness of meanings, implies in particular, on the one hand the absence of any absolute synonymy, on the other hand, an extensive use of polysemy, which goes up to the production of entirely bisemic sentences and passages, which play an essential educational role. The cases which have been discussed in this paper revealed that it would seem that the only possibility of faithful translation consists in presenting the two meanings: “God guides whom he wills and misleads whom he wills” or “God guides who wants it and lets whoever wants to go astray” accompanied by a commentary, as was imposed in the situation of non-synonymy illustrated by “the mount” and “the mountain”. Such an explanation should, of course, be completely neutral, objective and non- binding, knowing that, from the Quranic perspective, each theological-moral position taken during a reading that engages the whole being and influences its future, is called to be adopted in an absolutely free manner. Herein lies the crux of the problem encountered by translators who, not being able to report these cases directly, are in principle obliged to accompany their text with a certain number of explanations. However, such a situation confirms the Quranic declaration of perfection and inimitability of the Arabic text. On the one hand, the translation thus proposed cannot constitute a unified and an autonomous text, since it is interspersed with considerations and explanations. Moreover, whatever the effort of neutrality deployed by the translator, the presentation of bisemic sentences can never leave the reader free, if only the possibility of 'ignore - voluntarily or not - their very existence, as well as the process to which they come, and their repercussions on the appropriation of meaning. It should be noted however that, for the translator plagued by doubts and difficulties, the Quran offers, through the example of the translation of the passage from the Torah into Arabic (shemanou ve assinou) by (sami'nâ wa-ata’nâ) and not by (sami'nâ wa-'asayna), a rule of which the Quran iteself guarantees. This is the choice to be taken in the case of ambiguity which would surely lead to an error, by opting without hesitation for the translation which explicitly accounts for the meaning which leads to the right path not that of delusion. This suggestion should be essentially free from scruples related to the impossibility, duly noted, to imitate the inimitable in its pedagogy of which only the Arabic language allows an accomplished expression, by simply striving to respect the truthfulness of the Quranic teaching. The presentation of these few emblematic examples, far from claiming to lead to a new theory of the translation of the Quran, has set itself the goal of proposing the experience of a renewal of all the problems posed by any search for an equivalent of the Arabic text, to the principle of perfection of Revelation.</text>
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                <text>La traduction du Coran, texte qui se déclare impossible à égaler, a toujours posé problème, quelle que soit la langue concernée, puisque, de toute évidence son inimitabilité est liée à sa composition en arabe. La question qui se pose de ce fait avant tout est celle de la saisie de ses sens et des critères de leur approche. Il apparaît logique de tenter d’y répondre en l’interrogeant directement, puisqu’il s’exprime de façon claire et détaillée à la fois sur l’accession aux significations des messages divins et sur leur éventuelle traduction. Il ressort de cette première exploration que, comme l’avaient pensé un certain nombre de théologiens et de mystiques, l’i’jâz réside dans la perfection de la relation entre le sens et le mode de composition du texte sacré, lui-même exégèse définitive et complète de toutes les révélations antérieures. Cette perfection, qui s’exprime à la fois par la précision et par la richesse des significations, implique en particulier, d’une part l’absence de toute synonymie absolue, d’autre part, un usage étendu de la polysémie, qui va jusqu’à la production de phrases et de passages entièrement bisémiques, qui jouent un rôle pédagogique essentiel. C’est là que réside le nœud du problème rencontré par les traducteurs qui, ne pouvant pas rendre compte directement de ces cas de figure, se voient en principe obligés d’accompagner leur texte d’un certain nombre d’explications. Or, une telle situation entérine la déclaration coranique de perfection et d’inimitabilité du texte arabe.</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 20 No 1 (2021): Traduction et Langues Volume : 20 Numéro : 01 / Août 2021; 113-145</text>
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                <text>2600-6235</text>
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                <text>Quran translation</text>
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                <text>translation through Quran</text>
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                <text>inimitability</text>
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                <text>rules if  composition</text>
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                <text>Traduction du Coran</text>
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                <text>traduction selon le Coran</text>
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                <text>inimitabilité</text>
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                <text>Traduction du Coran et traduction selon le Coran :  aspects d’une problématique intemporelle</text>
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                <text>Gounougo, Aboubakar</text>
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                <text>Aesthetics of Speed for Reading the Poetry of Tchicaya U Tam’si
Poetics, according to Roman Jacobson, answers the big question of what makes a verbal message a work of art. In other words, it examines the way in which a writer or an author works or updates the language, common good of everyone, to achieve a work of art. This is why, in the text he is analyzing, the poetician invests himself exclusively in the quest for processes and means of all kinds that create his poeticity. These processes and means, which structuralist theories have helped to formalize through the levels of syntactic, semantic and rhetorical analysis, are those which concern, among others, lexicon, sound, figures of speech, rhythm, versification, of the enunciation, of the actantial system, of the genre and its categories and of the scriptovisual area. In the literary text, the aestheticization processes work by interaction to produce poeticity but also and above all meaning. Both in school and academic curricula and in scientific analyzes, as Jacobson had hoped, we have become accustomed to taking the process as a unique character. But, in this propensity to study the process and the parameters of poetic aestheticization which condition them, there is one of these parameters which seems to be left behind while it is, like rhythm, consubstantial with discourse. whatever it is, and which determines the pragmaenunciative or communicative function of the literary text. It is the speed of language which, unfortunately, is little considered or even neglected by readers, no doubt out of ignorance or because of its complexity or even because of its very high relativity. It is this aesthetic parameter of verbal creation, which at first glance seems evanescent, that we have decided, for our part, to question in the poetic text, precisely in the poetry of an African writer considered by the critics as a hermetic author and therefore difficult to access, namely Tchicaya U Tam'si. To achieve this, we decided to ask ourselves questions, those which seem necessary when we are faced with texts like those of the African Poet U Tam’si, texts which do not easily reveal their determine both verbal creation and its reception by critical reading and how, despite the discursive individuation in which it participates, speed remains a criterion of success of the pragmaenunciation. These questions are all the more essential since studying the phenomenon of the speed of speech means seeking to understand the internal relationship of a speaker to his speech, that is to say his personal way of saying who, itself is constrained by the choice of the speaking time or the duration necessary for enunciative efficiency. From the point of view of the parameter of the speed of language, we observe that the time and duration of speaking in U Tam’si is an internal quality, as Gerard Dessons clearly defines it. The poet does not speak like everyone else and, therefore, his speech cannot be received like any other speech and in fact immediately understood by everyone. The speech of the African poet is fundamentally individual because the speed of his saying tightens the meaning of what is said, the decoding of which remains relatively painful or even uncertain for the reader. The interest that we had in approaching the question of speed in the speech of the poet U Tam'si is that this question situates our contribution as prolegomena to the study of the phenomenon of speed which reconciles the poles of creation and of the reception of literary discourse by giving them an equal importance in the particular exchange which binds them, that is to say the literary exchange. For having chosen the poetic approach to analyze speed in language, our gain was twofold: We were able to technically analyze the scriptural markers of speed, which contribute to the poetry of the poetry of the African poet, and also, we have been able to assess the success of the enunciative pragmatics of said poetry as it produces meaning intended to provoke in drives active responsiveness. There is no doubt that the poetic analysis of speed in the poetry of Tchicaya U Tam'si not only highlighted the literary aesthetics of this poetry but also the success of its function of communication because, despite of their fundamentally individuate character, the poems of the corpus studied respect the conversational maxims of quantity, quality, relation and discursive modality. Ultimately, our contribution is likely to encourage other researchers to take an interest in the speed of language and to approach it in other corpora, by means of other scriptural markers so that we manage to formalize and integrate into our reflexes as poeticians and literary analysts take into account this aesthetic parameter of verbal creation.</text>
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                <text>La vitesse du langage est un paramètre d’esthétisation poétique essentiel au même titre que toutes les autres ressources langagières sur lesquelles peuvent s’appuyer les analystes pour interroger la poéticité ou la littérarité des textes littéraires. Et pourtant, elle est très peu considérée voire négligée par les lecteurs, du fait de sa complexité mais également du fait de sa très grande relativité. Étudier le phénomène de la vitesse du discours, c’est chercher à comprendre le rapport interne d’un locuteur à son discours, c’est-à- dire sa manière personnelle de dire qui, elle-même est contrainte par le choix du temps du dire ou de la durée nécessaire à l’efficacité énonciative. À toute vitesse de création discursive, lente ou rapide, correspond corrélativement tout un projet esthétique qu’une certaine réception doit décoder au moyen de divers marqueurs internes, décodage soumis à une durée, longue ou brève, pour atteindre à la signifiance. Ainsi, pour appréhender ces marqueurs de la vitesse, la poétique, en tant qu’elle embrasse tous les paramètres d’esthétisation qui transforment le message verbal en œuvre d’art, reste, de ce point de vue, l’approche idéale pour analyser et interpréter les corpus littéraires, mieux, les corpus poétiques qui, eux, possèdent une énonciation plus resserrée.</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 20 No 1 (2021): Traduction et Langues Volume : 20 Numéro : 01 / Août 2021; 209-223</text>
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                <text>Speed of language</text>
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                <text>Aesthetics of speed</text>
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                <text>Vitesse du langage</text>
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                <text>signifiance</text>
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                <text>duration of a writing</text>
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                <text>Esthétique de la vitesse pour lire la poésie de Tchicaya  U Tam’si</text>
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                <text>Mawoune, Warayanssa</text>
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                <text>Grammatical genre, Semantic Induction and Social Representations in Guidar
Each natural language carries a characteristic structure (lexical, syntactic, and semantic structures) which is the reflection of a certain experience that its speakers have of the world as well as of the things that surround them. African languages, like other languages of the world, are characterized by this phenomenon of ideological reflection of the doxic structures of the communities that practice them and use them as a means of exchange and communication. This paper examines the lexicological structures of grammatical gender formation in Guidar, a language of Chadic origin spoken in the North Cameroon Region. It also aims to set out the lexico-semantic processes at the base of the creation process and lexical development in Guidar. The article assumes that the derivational process (suffixation in this case) that supports the transformation of masculine nouns into feminine nouns in that language assigns additional connotative semes to the word. By proceeding through the generic transformation, then by the semic decomposition of a hundred nouns collected in the field and in some reference contributions on the Guidar language (Albert Douffisa, 2013, Russell G Schuh (1984), Chantal Collar (1973), the lexical and semasiological analysis of data helps to identify the different social representations and semanticideological inductions that are involved in any process of transformation from one substantival genre to another. The application of lexicosemantic tools to this corpus thus leads to observe that the feminization of nouns in the said language is always accompanied by the addition of pejorative connotative semes, which also reflect the social representations in relation to women in the community and the phallocratic ideology that governs its system of social hierarchy. To arrive at this demonstration, the article presents first the methodological process that led to the constitution of the sample for the analysis, then, it returns to the different lexicological processes that govern the system of lexical creation in the guidar language. As such, the borrowing, 281 composition and derivation processes are analyzed, among other things, the particularity of their operating system highlighted and their relationship with the feminization of the names examined in said language. The final articulations of the analyzes thus concern themselves, through a comparative semic analysis of lexical units, with the connotations induced by the suffixes of feminization in the Guidar language and also underline the ideological implications that arise.</text>
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                <text>La présente contribution interroge les structures lexicologiques de la formation du genre grammatical en guidar, une langue d’origine tchadique parlée dans la région du Nord-Cameroun. Elle se donne également pour objectif de baliser les procédés lexicosémantiques à la base du processus de création et d’enrichissement lexical en guidar. Pour ce faire, l’article part de l’hypothèse selon laquelle le procédé dérivationnel (la suffixation en l’occurrence) qui sous-tend la transformation des noms masculins en noms féminins dans ladite langue affecte au mot des sèmes connotatifs supplémentaires. En procédant par la transformation générique, puis par la décomposition sémique d’une centaine de noms recueillis sur le terrain et dans certaines contributions de références sur la langue guidar ( Albert Douffisa, 2013, Russell G Schuh (1984), Chantal Collar (1973), l’analyse lexicologique et sémasiologique des données permet de dégager les différentes représentations sociales et inductions sémantico-idéologiques qui s’invitent dans tout processus de transformation d’un genre substantival à un autre. L’application des outils de l’analyse lexicosémantique à ce corpus permet ainsi d’aboutir au constat selon lequel la féminisation des noms dans ladite langue s’accompagne toujours de l’adjonction des sèmes connotatifs péjoratifs qui traduisent par ailleurs les représentations sociales liées à la femme au sein de cette communauté et l’idéologie phallocratique qui gouverne son système social. Pour parvenir à une telle démonstration, l’article présente tout d’abord le processus méthodologique ayant conduit à la constitution de l’échantillon de l’analyse, puis, il revient ainsi sur les différents procédés lexicologiques qui gouvernent le système de création lexicale dans la langue guidar. À ce titre, les procédés d’emprunt, de composition et de dérivation sont analysés entre autres, la particularité de leur système de fonctionnement mis en exergue et leur rapport avec la féminisation des noms examinés dans ladite langue. Les dernières articulations des analyses s’intéressent ainsi, à travers une analyse sémique comparée des unités lexicales, aux connotations induites par les suffixes de féminisation dans la langue guidar et soulignent par ailleurs les implications idéologiques qui s’invitent.</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/303</text>
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                <text>fra</text>
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                <text>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</text>
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                <text>https://revue.univ-oran2.dz/revuetranslang/index.php/translang/article/view/303/230</text>
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                <text>Traduction et Langues; Vol 20 No 1 (2021): Traduction et Langues Volume : 20 Numéro : 01 / Août 2021; 280-297</text>
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                <text>Social representations</text>
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                <text>grammatical gender</text>
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                <text>guidar</text>
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                <text>feminisation</text>
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                <text>derivation</text>
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                <text>seme</text>
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                <text>transformation</text>
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                <text>Représentations sociales</text>
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                <text>, genre grammatical</text>
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                <text>langue guidar</text>
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                <text>féminisation</text>
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                <text>dérivation</text>
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                <text>Genre grammatical, induction sémantique et  représentations sociales en Guidar</text>
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