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\u00a0\u0640\u0640\u00a0 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0642\u062f<\/strong><\/a> \u0648<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651<\/strong><\/a> \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0641\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0651 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0645\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0651\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0651\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2013 <\/strong>\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2013 <\/strong>\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a \u062d\u062c\u062c\u0647\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2013 <\/strong>\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639\u061f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061f <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u061f <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2013 <\/strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u062e\u0651\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0644 \u0646\u0637\u0645\u0626\u0646\u0651 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0629\u061f<\/strong> \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0628\u0651\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b ….<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>– <\/u><\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 :<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0632 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651<\/strong> Matthew Lipman \u00a0<\/strong>\u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0635\u064f\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0651. \u0648\u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627<\/strong>:\u201d <\/strong>\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/strong>..<\/strong>” ….(6) \u0641\u0623<\/strong>\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0636\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u201d \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0648\u062a\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0631<\/strong>\u201d (La D\u00e9couverte de Harry Stottlemeier<\/em>) \u00a0<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1974 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644. \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0651\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0645<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0622\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627.<\/strong> \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0631\u0651<\/strong> Lipman \u00a0<\/strong>\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u201d \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u062b\u201d \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u062c <\/strong>\u00a0Dewey \u00a0<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u00a0\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627 \u00a0\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u201c\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 . <\/strong>\u00a0 <\/strong>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633<\/strong> Lipman \u00a0<\/strong>\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>:<\/strong>(1)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0640\u0640 <\/strong>\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0635\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0651\u062d \u0623\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0640\u0640 <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0628\u0641\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0640\u0640 <\/strong>\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639 <\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0640\u0640 <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a<\/strong> (l\u2019activit\u00e9 intersubjective) <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0641\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0635\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0646\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0638\u0651\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u0634\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062d\u0628\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u062d\u0642\u0627 . \u0648\u062c\u062f \u00a0\u00a0\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639<\/strong> Lipman \u00a0<\/strong>\u0635\u062f\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 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\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0640 “\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644”<\/strong> IAPE \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Institut pour l\u2019Avancement de Philosophie pour Enfants<\/u>.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>IAPC \u00a0\u00a0Institute for the Advancement of Philosophy for Children <\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1999 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(1) <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 “\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0645\u0627\u0646 “\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/strong> \u060c ” \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.\u063540 \u0640\u00a0 41\u00a0 \u0640\u0640\u00a0 42<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(2)<\/strong>\u00a0 \u0640<\/strong>La philosophie pour enfants<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

La m\u00e9thode Lipman et son application au niveau post-obligatoire<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Pascal Collet <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00e9moire professionnel <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Master of advanced studies<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Dipl\u00f4me d\u2019enseignement pour le degr\u00e9 secondaire IILausanne, printemps 2013 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Identifiant \u00a0p 18.19.20<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      التربية أخطر مهمّة يمارسها الانسان على نفسه وعلى غيره  ، ولا نبالغ إن قلنا أنها صناعة الإنسان ، إذ يولد الإنسان على الفطرة ، ثمّ يأخذ في التشكّل نفسيا وفكريا وثقافيا متأثرا بالبيئة التي<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":806,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_rtcl_gb_attr":"","wp_social_preview_title":"","wp_social_preview_description":"","wp_social_preview_image":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[254,252,10,11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2055","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-254","category-252","category-soci","category-critic"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ajpsdz.org\/imzad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2055","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ajpsdz.org\/imzad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ajpsdz.org\/imzad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ajpsdz.org\/imzad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ajpsdz.org\/imzad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2055"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.ajpsdz.org\/imzad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2055\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2056,"href":"https:\/\/www.ajpsdz.org\/imzad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2055\/revisions\/2056"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ajpsdz.org\/imzad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/806"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ajpsdz.org\/imzad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2055"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ajpsdz.org\/imzad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2055"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ajpsdz.org\/imzad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2055"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}