{"id":2061,"date":"2023-07-19T23:51:19","date_gmt":"2023-07-19T22:51:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ajpsdz.org\/imzad\/?p=2061"},"modified":"2023-07-19T23:51:19","modified_gmt":"2023-07-19T22:51:19","slug":"%d9%85%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ajpsdz.org\/imzad\/%d9%85%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%85\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \/ \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \/ \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\n
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\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062a\u064a\u062a” Dissemination \u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0643 Spivak \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 “\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629” \u0623\u0648 “\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629” \u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 – \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627” 2 . \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 “\u0644\u0639\u0628 ” \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u060c \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0648 “\u0645\u0643\u0645\u0644” \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f).<\/div>\n
\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0642\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a ” \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 ” \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 3.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
“\u064a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u062a\u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0648 \u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 4.”<\/div>\n
\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/div>\n
\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0639\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u064a\u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u060c \u0648 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u06315.<\/div>\n
\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a 6.<\/div>\n
\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064e\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u060c\u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
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\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u060c \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 “\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0650\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0647 \/ \u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/div>\n
\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 ( \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a) \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/div>\n
\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
1 .\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621: \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 (\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646: \u0631\u0648\u062a\u0644\u064a\u062f\u062c \u060c 1990) \u061b<\/div>\n
\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631: \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f: \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u060c 2001) \u060c \u0635. 1.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
2. \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0643 \u060c “\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645\u061f” \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0632 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646 (\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0627\u0646) \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631: \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a (\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0628\u0633\u062a\u064a\u062f: \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u060c 1994) \u060c \u0635 66-111 (\u0635. 89).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
3 .\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u060c “\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631” \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0633 (\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631). \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 (\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c \u060c 2004) \u060c \u0635 97-119 (\u0635 98). \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 Gikandi \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 Young \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631: \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643: \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u060c 2005). \u064a\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
4. \u0623\u062a\u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u060c “\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629” \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0632 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u064a (\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0627\u0646). \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 (\u0623\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f: \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u060c 2005) \u060c \u0635 87-111. \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0643\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0635 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a “\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u061f” \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a 17.2 (1991) \u060c \u0635. 336-57.1 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 Quayson \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
5. \u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 (\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646: \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648 \u060c 1992).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
6 . \u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u060c ‘\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0646\u0627: \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631: ( \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646: \u0631\u0648\u062a\u0644\u064a\u062f\u062c \u060c 2004) \u060c \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a .55-74<\/div>\n
7. \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u060c \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a .64-65.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
8. \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a \u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 (\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646: \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0635\u0648 \u060c 1998) \u060c \u0635. 4.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0630\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631<\/strong><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

جين هيدلستون\/ أستاذة بجامعة أكسفورد ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ترجمة : أزراج عمر ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ملاحظة المترجم : ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ تعتبر هذه الناقدة الأكاديمية البريطانية طليعية في تخصصها في الدراسات ما بعد الكولونيالية ذات الصلة بالجزائر وتشبه كثيرا روبيرت يونغ<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2060,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_rtcl_gb_attr":"","wp_social_preview_title":"","wp_social_preview_description":"","wp_social_preview_image":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[255,252,11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2061","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-255","category-252","category-critic"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ajpsdz.org\/imzad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2061","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ajpsdz.org\/imzad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ajpsdz.org\/imzad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ajpsdz.org\/imzad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ajpsdz.org\/imzad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2061"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.ajpsdz.org\/imzad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2061\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2062,"href":"https:\/\/www.ajpsdz.org\/imzad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2061\/revisions\/2062"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ajpsdz.org\/imzad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2060"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ajpsdz.org\/imzad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2061"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ajpsdz.org\/imzad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2061"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ajpsdz.org\/imzad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2061"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}